SECTION I. LISTENING (5.0 POINTS) 

INTRODUCTION: 

∙ There are 4 parts of the section. 

∙ You’ll hear each part twice. 

∙ There is a prompting sound at the beginning and end of each part. 

Part 1. Listen to a speech about body posturing caused by brain damage and decide whether each of  the following statements are True (T), False (F), or Not Given (NG): 

1. In decorticate posturing, the upper extremities exhibit involuntary flexion towards the thoracic region,  while the lower limbs manifest extension.  
2. The pyramidal tract’s primary function is to facilitate motor control of the femoro-crural region. 3. Decorticate posturing resulting from corticospinal tract damage invariably leads to permanent motor  deficits in your superior appendicular skeleton.  
3. The etiology of brainstem injuries is predominantly correlated with cranial trauma involving the  prefrontal cortex or the parietal lobe.  
4. Decerebrate posturing has an equal prognosis compared to decorticate posturing. 

Your answers: 

Part 2: From questions 6 to 10, listen carefully and fill in the gaps with NO MORE THAN FOUR WORDS for each number: 

6. What adverse consequences has Iran borne as a byproduct of a critical mandate promulgated by the  emergent crown prince of Saudi Arabia? 
7. Notwithstanding the potential presence of extrinsic motivators, what fundamental impetus precipitated  the prince’s decision to extinguish moral turpitude? 
8. Which core sociocultural construct has Mohammed Bin Salman deliberately subverted to eliminate  any barriers to his reformative aspirations? 
9. In what terms does the speaker portray the present condition of the religion, wherein its dogmatic  interpretation by conservative Islamic clerics is wielded as a quid pro quo? 
10. What nomenclature does the speaker attribute to the symbiotic rapport between the House of Saud and  the traditionalist Islamic clerics?

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Your answers: 

Part 3. For questions 11-15, You will hear an interview with Maria Stefanovich co-founder of a  creativity group which organizes workshops for executives and choose the answer A, B, C or D which  best completes each gap. 

11. Commercial corporations venerate mask-fabrication workshops owing to _________ A. Individuals’ intolerance for disagreeable expressions within the occupational sphere. B. The tendency of disgruntled employees towards eschewing attendance at work 
12. Their realization of the esoteric perceptions harbored by their workforce. 
13. The subtle transformation of their workforce’s behavioral dispositions. 
14. Enterprises are increasingly eschewing quotidian practices in favor of avant-garde conferences,  cognizant that _______ 
15. Inefficacious personnel constitute a pecuniary burden. 
16. Conventional vocational milieus are fraught with inexorable strictures. 
17. Workforce truancy exhibits a disconcerting recrudescence. 
18. Employees’ assiduous exertions belie a dearth of occupational delectation. 
19. The workforce at the enterprise ‘Play’ ______ 
20. Engages in a recurrent realignment of roles to alleviate monotony and sustain fervor.  B. Bears bespoke insignia denoting their professional designations.  
21. Embellish themselves in garb evocative of characters from graphic novels.  
22. Refrain from harboring orthodox perceptions of their profession. 
23. Corporations exhibiting an overabundance of alignment with innovative discourses express immense  astonishment since ______ 
24. They would much rather attend a lot of other fascinating programs. 
25. Their personnel ought to manifest a nuanced understanding of subtle witticisms.  C. They typically possess a workforce initially endowed with creative abilities.  
26. Their employees are frequently required to give presentations. 
27. Maria mentions the conventional enterprises that have held symposiums with a view to ________ A. Accentuating the heterogeneity of avenues among the firms. 
28. Illustrating their selectively limited roster of clients. 
29. Understating the gravitas of these esteemed companies. 
30. Highlighting the successes of the clients her company has supported. 

Your answers:

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Part 4: Listen to a talk about the evolutionary features on the human body and fill in the gap in each of the  following sentences with NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each number: 

Certain elements of human anatomy only gain significance when scrutinized through the paradigm of  16.______________ under natural selection. Slightly elevate your hand after repositioning your thumbs  17.______________ while keeping your arms fully extended on a flat surface. Through this technique, you  may observe the 18.______________ on your forearms, should you possess one, which bears a connection to  19.______________. The aforementioned tendon is demonstrably more pronounced in 20.______________,  exhibiting greater elongation. Relative to human limitations, the unbounded ear mobility of our mammalian  counterparts enables 21.______________ to harness distinct advantages. Enhanced insulation capacity can be  generated through the hair-raising reflex in humans’ 22.______________. Located at the spine’s distal end,  the sequence of 23.______________ exhibits inter-individual variation. The coccyx serves as an anchor point  for 24. ______________. The probability of a(n) 25.______________ materializing through genetic mutation  is exceedingly minimal. 

Your answers: 

SECTION II. LEXICO-GRAMMAR (3 POINTS) 

Part 1 : For question 26-40, choose the correct answer A, B, C or D to each of the following questions. 26. His plane was tracked, his press conference poured over and his ______ spotted. A. doppelganger B. crepehanger C. voetganger D. twanger 27. Had word of Hanson’s interest leaked to the market, the stockbroker’s ______ could almost  have bankrupted the firm. 

28. chutzpah B. chalaza C. challah D. chalupa 28. Despite his finely tailored appearance, the cunning ______ deceived the entire court, convincing them  of his noble lineage while secretly plotting to abscond with the royal treasury. 
29. curmudgeon B. chirurgeon C. habergeon D. clapperdudgeon 29. It must be assured that the ______ of Mr. Vance was an exacting procedure, with diligent attention to  detail. 
30. bertillonage B. persiflage C. enfleurage D. ossifrage 30. Scientists have discovered that the solar body is pulsating, and they can detect this “global oscillation”  using the new techniques of “______,” which are similar to those used in terrestrial seismology. A. onomasiology B. kremlinology C. lepidopterology D. helioseismology 31. Whitley, a willowy former City banker, peppered his talk with literary ______ and some distinctly fast  verse. 
31. bodo – garo B. bon mot C. bon ton D. bourgeois 32. Readers did not exactly side with the Patriot; they sent in heaps of hate mail for what they felt was  ______.

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33. fish for clicks B. hoax bait C. yellow journalism D. fabricated news 33. After years of unexplained pain, she was finally diagnosed with ______, which explained the severe  cramps and discomfort she experienced during her menstrual cycles.  
34. endocytosis B. enterostenosis C. endometriosis D. enteroclysis 34. Patients with advanced achalasia may be better managed with primary ______ resection. A. oesophageal B. menorrhagia C. euthanasia D. anaemia 35. A fun crafty thing to do would be to ______ some of the pages with rough sketches and give them to  your children to trace, or try drawing free hand. 
35. xenon B. xebec C. xerarch D. xerox 36. For the pink-tinged makeup look that walked that perfect line between sweet and ______, Jenn said the  theme all started with the dress.  
36. pantherine B. tambourine C. saccharine D. anserine  37. Male ______ are actually three times as likely as male chimps to engage in hitting, biting, and other  aggressive interactions, researchers reported in Current Biology last week. 
37. bonanzas B. bonacis C. bonobos D. bonitos 38. The ______ of the wind through the ancient pines created a haunting melody that echoed through the  silent forest. 
38. humerus B. susurrus C. cumulus D. tumulus 39. Perioperative outcome such as time to liquid intake, time to ______, time to canalization and hospital  stay after surgery. 
39. exaltation B. expiation C. exaration D. exsufflation 40. That day he went off like a ______ cat and, understandably, his energy ran out in the testing conditions. A. Cheshire B. fraidy C. barber’s D. scalded  41. He quickly learned to attend to the demanding appetites of the ______, making certain that  the choicest meats and produce was delivered to them. 
40. appanages B. apparatchiks C. apparatuses D. appassionatos 42. She had done the necromancy with a ______ of debonair detachment until the Army called out  her husband for the second time. 
41. modicum B. morocco C. moccasin D. modular 43. When watercolour is combined with ______, or with the new water-soluble drawing media, the results  can be quite striking. 
42. scaramouche B. huisache C. gouache D. panache 44. The author ______ in the preface, diluting the impact of the argument with verbose commentary, which  ultimately undermined the effectiveness of the main thesis. 
43. raffled off B. waffled on C. snuffled in D. muffled up 45. Amidst the scholarly debate and spirited discussions, there was an undercurrent in his wistful gaze that  suggested a ______ of melancholy, barely perceptible but unmistakable to those who looked closely. A. hinge B. winge C. binge D. tinge 

Your answers:

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Part 2: Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the words in brackets. 46. Both writers are intent on ___________ the American West, retaining the best of the frontier spirit— the self-reliance, the stoicism, the taciturn wit—while conjuring its worst aspects. (MYTH) 47. Her research was in __________, which is the influence of light on plant growth. (MORPHO) 48. The experiment is part of the growing field of ________, or the sourcing of animal organs to try to  solve the human organ supply crisis. (PLANT) 

49. The art critic’s analysis of the painting highlighted its ___________ elements, such as the bold colors  and distorted perspective. (IMPRESS) 
50. In the dairy industry, ___________ bacteria play a key role in the production of yogurt and cheese by  converting sugars into lactic acid. (FERMENT) 

Your answers: 

Part 3: Error correction 

The passage below contains 5 mistakes. Underline the mistakes and correct them in the space provided  in the column on the right. (0) has been done as an example. 

The esophagus is a part of the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract with no  

known digestive, absorb, or metabolic function, acting simply as a link for  transporting food between the oral cavity and the stomach. Consistent with  its basic role in the food intake process, it displays a relatively simple tissue  architecture. The line of the adult mouse esophagus comprises a uniform  layer of squamous epithelial cells residing above a highly proliferative  basal layer. This epithelium is keratinized, providing an additional layer of  protection against an abrasive diet. To facilitate swallowing and food  transportation to the stomach, the epithelial layer is surrounded by a double layered external muscle (muscularis externa). This external muscle  comprises outer (longitudinal) and inner (circular) layers of smooth  muscularis cells, infiltrated during esophageal development. Activation of  radial muscle waves in this layer propels ingested food towards the  stomach. 

Esophageal development initiates with the separation of the respiratory  buds from the foregut tube at embryo day 9.5 (E9.5), with this division  being completed by E11.5 in mice. This process requires delicate  coordination between both endodermal and mesenchymal tissues. The  esophagus initially comprises a single-layered cuboidal epithelium  surrounded by a smooth muscle layer. After separating from the airway,  both tissues gain additional cell layers, and the epithelium undergoes a shift  in marking expression as it transitions from a cytokeratin 8 (Krt8) labeled  cuboidal layer to a cytokeratin 14 (Krt14) expressing squamous layer.  Although the existence of cellular heterogeneity both the developing mouse  esophageal epithelium and muscle has been described, it is currently not  clear whether any of the subsets represents a pool of dedicated  

0.absorb 🡪 absorptive 51. _________ 

52. 52. _________ 
53. 53. _________ 
54. 54. __________ 
55. 55. __________
    

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stem/progenitor cells and what their role in the process of organ  

development and maintenance might be. 

SECTION III. READING (6.0 POINTS) 

Part 1. For questions 56-65. (1.0 point – 0.1/ each)  

Read the passages below and decide which answer A, B, C or D best fits each gap. Write your answers  in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.  

In ‘The Big Short,’ Economic Collapse for Fun and Profit 

A true crime story and a (56) ______ comedy, a heist movie and a scalding (57) ______, “The Big Short” will  affirm your deepest cynicism about Wall Street while simultaneously restoring your faith in Hollywood. 

It wants not only to explain the financial crisis of 2008 but also to make the dry, complex abstractions of high  finance exciting and fun. Celebrity cameos are turned into miniseminars on the finer points of credit-default  (58) ______ and collateralized debt obligations. The performances, the script and the camera itself seem to be  running on a stiff, mind-bending cocktail of Red Bull, Adderall and (59) ______. 

Rather than (60) ______ familiar ground, “The Big Short” achieves a fresh and brilliant synthesis of knowing  insiderism and populist incitement. Also, linking the (61) ______ iconoclasts, and serving as our guide to the  apocalypse unfolding around them, is Jared Vennett, played by Ryan Gosling. To help moviegoers understand,  the director Adam McKay took a lively (62) ______ approach. From time to time, Vennett will cast his (63)  ______ blues toward the camera to tell us that something didn’t really happen in quite the way it’s being. His  winking wit and (64) ______ energy allow us to think that “The Big Short” is going to be one of those amoral  rich-guy movies, complete with (65) ______ of champagne and visits to strip clubs. 

56. A. bergorrah B. dingbat C. madcap D. hark 
57. A. mimesis B. riff C. trivium D. polemic 58. A. bonds B. swaps C. funds D. stocks 
58. A.buprenorphine B. vitrine C. mescaline D. quinine 
59. A. rehash B. refract C. reinter D. reify 
60. A. myradic B. xylem C. floozey D. motley 
61. A. kitchen-sink B. garden-plot C. attic-box D. home-fire 63. A. bud B. bob C. baby D. baddy 
62. A. pshaw B. antic C. crikey D. fie 
63. A. weirs B. geysers C. atolls D. straths 

Your answers:

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Part 2. For questions 66-75 (1.0 point – 0.1/ each), fill each of the following numbered blanks with ONE  suitable word and write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided. 

The alarm blared, jolting me (66)________ with a start. As I stumbled out of bed, I couldn’t help but groan at  the thought of another hectic day in the bustling metropolis. I dressed (67) ________ some clothes, grabbed a  quick breakfast, and was quickly out the (68)________, weaving through the throngs of commuters. 

The subway was packed, with people crammed together like sardines. I managed to find a sliver of  (69)________ and clung to the handrail, trying to avoid eye contact with the strangers around me. As I rode,  I couldn’t shake the (70)________ that I was just a cog in a massive machine, lost in the anonymity of the  city. 

Once I reached my office, I (71)________ headfirst into my work, trying to catch up on the emails that had  piled up overnight. It was a constant battle against the clock, as deadlines loomed and tasks seemed to multiply. 

By lunchtime, I was feeling frazzled and in dire need of a break. I decided to grab a (72)_______to eat at the  nearby (73)________ court. The place was a cacophony of noise, with people chattering and laughing as they  devoured their meals. I settled (74) _________ a sandwich and a salad, a deserving reward after much jostling. 

After lunch, I returned to my desk and continued to grind away. The hours seemed to drag on, and by late  afternoon, I was feeling exhausted and ready to call (75) ________ on it. As I packed up my belongings, I  couldn’t help but think about the long commute that awaited me. 

Your answers: 

Part 3. For questions 76-85(1.0 point – 0.1/ each), read an extract from a journal and choose the answer  A, B, C or D that fits best according to the text. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered  boxes provided. 

No man likes to acknowledge that he has made a mistake in the choice of his profession, and every man,  worthy of the name, will row long against wind and tide before he allows himself to cry out, “I am baffled!”  and submits to be floated passively back to land. From the first week of my residence in X— I felt my  occupation irksome. The thing itself—the work of copying and translating business-letters— was a dry and  tedious task enough, but had that been all, I should long have borne with the nuisance; I am not of an impatient  nature, and influenced by the double desire of getting my living and justifying to myself and others the  resolution I had taken to become a tradesman, I should have endured in silence the rust and cramp of my best  faculties; I should not have whispered, even inwardly, that I longed for liberty; I should have pent in every  sigh by which my heart might have ventured to intimate its distress under the closeness, smoke, monotony,  and joyless tumult of Bigben Close, and its panting desire for freer and fresher scenes; I should have set up  the image of Duty, the fetish of Perseverance, in my small bedroom at Mrs. King’s lodgings, and they two  should have been my household gods, from which my darling, my cherished-in-secret, Imagination, the tender  and the mighty, should never, either by softness or strength, have severed me. But this was not all; the  antipathy which had sprung up between myself and my employer striking deeper root and spreading denser 

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shade daily, excluded me from every glimpse of the sunshine of life; and I began to feel like a plant growing  in humid darkness out of the slimy walls of a well. 

Antipathy is the only word which can express the feeling Edward Crimsworth had for me—a feeling, in a  great measure, involuntary, and which was liable to be excited by every, the most trifling movement,  look, or word of mine. My southern accent annoyed him; the degree of education evinced in my language  irritated him; my punctuality, industry, and accuracy, fixed his dislike, and gave it the high flavour and  poignant relish of envy; he feared that I too should one day make a successful tradesman. Had I been in  anything inferior to him, he would not have hated me so thoroughly, but I knew all that he knew, and, what  was worse, he suspected that I kept the padlock of silence on mental wealth in which he was no sharer. If he  could have once placed me in a ridiculous or mortifying position, he would have forgiven me much, but I was  guarded by three faculties— Caution, Tact, Observation; and prowling and prying as was Edward’s malignity,  it could never baffle the lynx-eyes of these, my natural sentinels. Day by day did his malice watch my tact,  hoping it would sleep, and prepared to steal snake-like on its slumber; but tact, if it be genuine, never sleeps. 

I had received my first quarter’s wages, and was returning to my lodgings, possessed heart and soul with the  pleasant feeling that the master who had paid me grudged every penny of that hard-earned pittance — (I had  long ceased to regard Mr. Crimsworth as my brother—he was a hard, grinding master; he wished to be an  inexorable tyrant: that was all). Thoughts, not varied but strong, occupied my mind; two voices spoke within  me; again and again they uttered the same monotonous phrases. One said: “William, your life is intolerable.”  The other: “What can you do to alter it?” I walked fast, for it was a cold, frosty night in January; as I  approached my lodgings, I turned from a general view of my affairs to the particular speculation as to whether  my fire would be out; looking towards the window of my sitting-room, I saw no cheering red gleam. 

76. Which choice best summarizes the passage? 
77. A character describes his dislike for his new job and considers the reasons why. B. Two characters employed in the same office become increasingly competitive. 
78. A young man regrets privately a choice that he defends publicly. 
79. A new employee experiences resistance, then frustration, and finally despair. 
80. The main purpose of the opening sentence of the passage is to ______ 
81. establish the narrator’s perspective on a controversy. 
82. provide context useful in understanding the narrator’s emotional state. 
83. offer a symbolic representation of Edward Crimsworth’s plight. 
84. contrast the narrator’s good intentions with his malicious conduct. 
85. During the course of the first paragraph, the narrator’s focus shifts from ______ A. recollection of past confidence to acknowledgment of present self-doubt. 
86. reflection on his expectations of life as a tradesman to his desire for another job. C. generalization about job dissatisfaction to the specifics of his own situation. 
87. evaluation of factors making him unhappy to identification of alternatives. 
88. The referencesto “shade” and “darkness” at the end of the first paragraph mainly have which effect? A. They evoke the narrator’s sense of dismay. 
89. They highlight the narrator’s internal conflict. 
90. They reflect the narrator’s emotional isolation. 
91. They signify the narrator’s confrontation with despair. 
92. What is the primary purpose of the author mentioning “the image of Duty” and “the fetish of  Perseverance” in the passage? 
93. To emphasize the narrator’s enjoyment of his work and commitment to his career. B. To illustrate how these ideals help the narrator cope with the monotony of his job. C. To suggest that perseverance leads to ultimate success and satisfaction.

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1. To convey the narrator’s indifference toward his personal aspirations. 
2. The passage indicates that when the narrator began working for Edward Crimsworth, he viewed  Crimsworth as a ______. 
3. harmless rival B. sympathetic ally C. perceptive judge D. demanding mentor 82. At the end of the second paragraph, the comparisons of abstract qualities to a lynx and a snake mainly  have the effect of ______ 
4. contrasting two hypothetical courses of action. 
5. conveying the ferocity of a resolution. 
6. suggesting the likelihood of an altercation. 
7. illustrating the nature of an adversarial relationship. 
8. The passage indicates that, after a long day of work, the narrator sometimes found his living quarters  to be ______. 
9. dreary B. intolerable C. predictable D. treacherous 84. What does “a feeling, in a great measure, involuntary, and which was liable to be excited by every,  the most trifling movement, look, or word of mine” imply? 
10. Crimsworth’s aversion towards the speaker was largely automatic and not entirely under his  control. 
11. Crimsworth harbored a profound hatred for the speaker, and his feelings were stronger and more  intense than mere antipathy. 
12. Crimsworth’s feelings were erratic and unstable, influenced by an assortment of stimuli. D. Crimsworth’s feelings were more about his internal struggles rather than a direct antipathy towards  the speaker. 
13. Which is similar to the word ‘flavour’ in Paragraph 2? 
14. shade B. tone C. intensity D. spice 

Your answers: 

Part 4. For questions 86-92 (0.7 point – 0.1/ each) You are going to read an extract from an article. Seven  paragraphs have been removed from the extract. Choose from the paragraphs A – H the one which fits  each gap (86- 92). There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use. Write your answers in  the corresponding numbered boxes. 

In theoretical physics, a Penrose diagram (named after mathematical physicist Roger Penrose) is a two dimensional diagram capturing the causal relations between different points in spacetime through a conformal  treatment of infinity. It is an extension (suitable for the curved spacetimes of e.g. general relativity) of the  Minkowski diagram of special relativity where the vertical dimension represents time, and the horizontal  dimension represents a space dimension. Using this design, all light rays take a 45° path (c=1). Locally, the  metric on a Penrose diagram is conformally equivalent to the metric of the spacetime depicted. 

While Penrose diagrams share the same basic coordinate vector system of other spacetime diagrams for local  asymptotically flat spacetime, it introduces a system of representing distant spacetime by shrinking or  “triturando” distances that are further away. Straight lines of constant time and straight lines of constant space 

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coordinates therefore become hyperbolae, which appear to converge at points in the corners of the diagram.  These points and boundaries represent conformal infinity for spacetime, which was first introduced by Penrose  in 1963. 

Two lines drawn at 45° angles should intersect in the diagram only if the corresponding two light rays intersect  in the actual spacetime. So, a Penrose diagram can be used as a concise illustration of spacetime regions that  are accessible to observation. The diagonal boundary lines of a Penrose diagram correspond to the region  called “null infinity”, or to singularities where light rays must end. 

Penrose diagrams are frequently used to illustrate the causal structure of spacetimes containing black holes.  Singularities in the Schwarzschild solution are denoted by a spacelike boundary, unlike the timelike boundary  found on conventional spacetime diagrams. This is due to the interchanging of timelike and spacelike  coordinates within the horizon of a black hole (since space is uni-directional within the horizon, just as time  is uni-directional outside the horizon). 

Penrose diagrams are often used to illustrate the hypothetical Einstein–Rosen bridge connecting two separate  universes in the maximally extended Schwarzschild black hole solution. The precursors to the Penrose  diagrams were Kruskal – Szekeres diagrams. (The Penrose diagram adds to Kruskal and Szekeres’ diagram the  conformal crunching of the regions of flat spacetime far from the hole.) 

The Einstein–Rosen bridge closes off (forming “future” singularities) so rapidly that passage between the two  asymptotically flat exterior regions would require faster-than-light velocity, and is therefore impossible. In  addition, highly blue-shifted light rays (called a blue sheet) would make it impossible for anyone to pass  through. 

While the basic space-like passage of a static black hole cannot be traversed, the Penrose diagrams for  solutions representing rotating and/or electrically charged black holes illustrate these solutions’ inner event  horizons (lying in the future) and vertically oriented singularities, which open up what is known as a time-like  “wormhole” allowing passage into future universes.

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These features of the solutions are, however, not stable under perturbations and not believed to be a realistic  description of the interior regions of such black holes; the true character of their interiors is still an open  question. 

Missing Paragraphs: 

1. These introduced the method of aligning the event horizon into past and future horizons oriented at 45°  angles (since one would need to travel faster than light to cross from the Schwarzschild radius back into flat  spacetime); and splitting the singularity into past and future horizontally-oriented lines (since the singularity  “cuts off” all paths into the future once one enters the hole). 
2. In the case of the rotating hole, there is also a “negative” universe entered through a ring-shaped singularity  (still portrayed as a line in the diagram) that can be passed through if entering the hole close to its axis of  rotation. 
3. The singularity is represented by a spacelike boundary to make it clear that once an object has passed the  horizon it will inevitably hit the singularity even if it attempts to take evasive action. 
4. Penrose diagrams are more properly (but less frequently) called Penrose–Carter diagrams (or Carter– Penrose diagrams), acknowledging both Brandon Carter and Roger Penrose, who were the first researchers to  employ them. They are also called conformal diagrams, or simply spacetime diagrams (although the latter  may refer to Minkowski diagrams). 
5. However, the Schwarzschild geometry has a simple mathematical form, and that form can be extended  analytically. The mathematical extension consists of a second copy of the Schwarzschild geometry, reversed  in time, glued along the Antihorizon. The complete analytic extension of the Schwarzschild geometry contains  not only a Universe and a Black Hole, but also a Parallel Universe and a White Hole. 
6. The maximally extended solution does not describe a typical black hole created from the collapse of a star,  as the surface of the collapsed star replaces the sector of the solution containing the past- oriented white hole  geometry and other universe. 
7. The conformal factor is chosen such that the entire infinite spacetime is transformed into a Penrose diagram  of finite size, with infinity on the boundary of the diagram. For spherically symmetric spacetimes, every point  in the Penrose diagram corresponds to a 2-dimensional sphere 
8. Thus, Penrose diagrams are also useful in the study of asymptotic properties of spacetimes and  singularities. An infinite static Minkowski universe, coordinates (x,t) is related to Penrose coordinates (u,v)  by: ”tan(u+v) = tan(x+t)” and “tan(u-v) = tan(x-t)”. The corners of the Penrose diagram, which represent the  spacelike and timelike conformal infinities, are pi/2 from the origin. 

Part 5. For questions 93–105.(1.3 points – 0.1/ each) 

Read the following passage and do the tasks that follow. Write your answers in the corresponding  numbered boxes provided. 

THE PSYCHOLOGY IN HAPPINESS 

1. In the late 1990s, psychologist Martin Seligman of the University of Pennsylvania urged colleagues to  observe optimal moods with the same intensity with which they had for so long studied pathologies: we would  never learn about the full range of human functions unless we knew as much about mental wellness as we do  about mental illness. A new generation of psychologists built up a respectable body of research on positive  character traits and happiness-boosting practices. At the same time, developments in neuroscience provided 

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new clues to what makes us happy and what that looks like in the brain. Self-appointed experts took advantage  of the trend with guarantees to eliminate worry, stress, dejection and even boredom. This happiness movement  has provoked a great deal of opposition among psychologists who observe that the preoccupation with  happiness has come at the cost of sadness, an important feeling that people have tried to banish from their  emotional repertoire. Allan Horwitz of Rutgers laments that young people who are naturally weepy after  breakups are often urged to medicate themselves instead of working through their sadness. Wake Forest  University’s Eric Wilson fumes that the obsession with happiness amounts to a “craven disregard” for the  melancholic perspective that has given rise to the greatest works of art. “The happy man” he writes, “is a  hollow man.” 

1. After all people are remarkably adaptable. Following a variable period of adjustment, we bounce back to  our previous level of happiness, no matter what happens to us. (There are some scientifically proven  exceptions, notably suffering the unexpected loss of a job or the loss of a spouse. Both events tend to  permanently knock people back a step.) Our adaptability works in two directions. Because we are so adaptable,  points out Professor Sonja Lyubomirsky of the University of California, we quickly get used to many of the  accomplishments we strive for in life, such as landing the big job or getting married. Soon after we reach a  milestone, we start to feel that something is missing. We begin coveting another worldly possession or eyeing  a social advancement. But such an approach keeps us tethered to a treadmill where happiness is always just  out of reach, one toy or one step away. It’s possible to get off the treadmill entirely by focusing on activities  that are dynamic surprising, and attention- absorbing, and thus less likely to bore us than, say, acquiring shiny  new toys. 
2. Moreover, happiness is not a reward for escaping pain. Russ Harris, the author of The Happiness Trap,  calls popular conceptions of happiness dangerous because they set people up for a “struggle against reality”.  They don’t acknowledge that real life is full of disappointments, loss, and inconveniences. “If you’re going to  live a rich and meaningful life,” Harris says, “you’re going to feel a full range of emotions.” Action toward  goals other than happiness makes people happy. It is not crossing the finish line that is most rewarding, it is  anticipating achieving the goal. University of Wisconsin neuroscientist Richard Davidson has found that  working hard toward a goal, and making progress to the point of expecting a goal to be realized, not only  activates positive feelings but also suppresses negative emotions such as fear and depression. 
3. We are constantly making decisions, ranging from what clothes to put on, to whom we should marry, not  to mention all those flavors of ice cream. We base many of our decisions on whether we think a particular  preference will increase our well-being. Intuitively, we seem convinced that the more choices we have, the  better off we will ultimately be. But our world of unlimited opportunity imprisons us more than it makes us  happy. In what Swarthmore psychologist Barry Schwartz calls “the paradox of choice,” facing many  possibilities leaves us stressed out – and less satisfied with whatever we do decide. Having too many choices  keeps us wondering about all the opportunities missed. 
4. Besides, not everyone can put on a happy face. Barbara Held, a professor of psychology at Bowdoin  College, rails against “the tyranny of the positive attitude”. “Looking on the bright side isn’t possible for some  people and is even counterproductive” she insists. “When you put pressure on people to cope in a way that  doesn’t fit them, it not only doesn’t work, it makes them feel like a failure on top of already feeling bad.” The  one-size-fits-all approach to managing emotional life is misguided, agrees Professor Julie Norem, author of  The Positive Power of Negative Thinking. In her research, she has shown that the defensive pessimism that  anxious people feel can be harnessed to help them get things done, which in turn makes them happier. A  naturally pessimistic architect, for example, can set low expectations for an upcoming presentation and review  all of the bad outcomes that she’s imagining, so that she can prepare carefully and increase her chances of 

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success. 

1. By contrast, an individual who is not living according to their values, will not be happy, no matter how  much they achieve. Some people, however, are not sure what their values are. In that case Harris has a great  question: “Imagine I could wave a magic wand to ensure that you would have the approval and admiration of  everyone on the planet, forever. What, in that case, would you choose to do with your life?” Once this has  been answered honestly, you can start taking steps toward your ideal vision of yourself. The actual answer is  unimportant, as long as you’re living consciously. The state of happiness is not really a state at all. It’s an  ongoing personal experiment. 

93-97. 

Reading passage has six paragraphs (A–F). Which paragraph mentions the following? Write the correct letter (A–F) from 93–97 on the answer sheet. 

NB: You may use any letter more than once. 

93. The desideratum of individuals as regards fathoming what is really vexing to them 94. The dissipation of woe 
94. The guru in their own cogitations 
95. The wherewithal of man to grapple with revisions 
96. The undertaking of activities containing interest and merit in their own right 

98–99. 

Choose TWO letters (A-E). Write the correct letters (A-E) 98 and 99 on the answer sheet. 

Which TWO of the following people argue against the statement: 

“Happiness is the endless pursuit of a state where nothing feels missing” 

1. Barry Schwartz 
2. Russ Harris 
3. Sonja Lyubomirsky 
4. Eric Wilson 
5. Martin Seligman

100-101. 

Choose TWO letters (A-E). Write the correct letters (A-E) 100 and 101 on the answer sheet. Which TWO of the following beliefs are identified as mistaken in the text? 

1. The extent of geniality which inherited opulence brings about is not on par with that of self- acquired  capital. 
2. Social status impinges upon our perception of elation. 

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1. A buoyant set of mine guarantees one’s fruition. 
2. Infelicity should more or less be abstained form. 
3. Hysteria cases are commonplace in the immature. 

102–105 

Which of the following statements is TRUE (T), FALSE (F), or NOT GIVEN (NG) 

102. Specialists is inquiring into various methodologies aimed at ameliorating a range of abysmal moods. 103. Adaptability can obstruct genuine happiness, contingent upon the engagement in pursuits that are  replete with dynamism, astonishment and charisma. 
103. Russ Harris proposes that achieving total emotional detachment, free from both highs and lows, is  essential for leading a rich and meaningful life. 
104. There is a reciprocal consensus that people should acknowledge the validity of negative emotions  instead of dismissing them. 

Your answers: 

Part 6. For questions 106-115 (1.3 points – 0.1/ each), the passage below consists of four sections marked  A-D. For questions 106-115, read the passage and do the task that follows. Write your answers in the  corresponding numbered boxes provided. 

(A) The Guardian 

The vitriolic bust-up between Rolling Stone founder Jann Wenner and his appointed biographer, Joe Hagan,  has already generated headlines, with Wenner denouncing Sticky Fingers as tawdry and Hagan, an  investigative reporter, replying that a man used to getting his way won’t like a portrait that includes both  darkness and light. A deep ambiguity runs through Hagan’s exhaustively researched (and sometimes  exhausting) account of a man who can justly claim to have changed popular culture. Rolling Stone, which  Wenner, mentored by the eminent jazz critic Ralph Gleason, founded as a Berkeley dropout in 1967, brought  intelligence and visual grace to what was previously a squall of fan mags-establishing a canon of writers that  included Greil Marcus, Jerry Hopkins, Nick Tosches, Jon Landau, and, most notoriously. Hunter S Thompson.  Wenner’s magazine surfed the waves of 60’s idealism, psychedelia and political counterculture, though unlike  the underground press it was no visual freak-out its restrained black and white format was part of its gravitas.  Wenner was a keen advocate of LSD and pot, yet he was also an ambitious social climber, inveigling himself  with rock stars and imagining his future as a press baron, a rock’n’roll Citizen Kane. 

(B) The NY Times 

Whether Wenner can see it or not, his bet has paid off – Hagan has delivered a supple, confident,  dispassionately reported and deeply well-written biography. It’s a big book, one that no one will wish longer,  but its chapters move past like a crunching collection of singles and not a thumb-sucking double album. It’s a  joy to read and feels built to last. Hagan is among those relatively rare biographers who keep macro and micro  in yin-yang balance. He’s in command of the big picture. The critic and intellectual in him understands why a  mere rock magazine editor – Wenner founded Rolling Stone in San Francisco in 1967 – matters to the history  of the 20th century. In the decades that followed the ’70s, Rolling Stone made money but largely ceased to  matter. Hagan charts the way that Wenner, in some of his employees’ estimation, sold out to record companies,  and the way he allowed his favorite artists to control what was written about them. Wenner comes off in 

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‘Sticky Fingers’ as a narcissist, a bully, a seducer and a betrayer, and a troubled soul. Feuds with countless  people – Lennon, Paul Simon, Greil Marcus, the promoter Bill Graham – are recounted. He also led a big life  that was packed with incident and frequently even joy. ‘The alchemy of his appetites,’ Hagan writes, is what  made him a great editor in chief. 

(C) SPIN 

Jann Wenner doesn’t want you to read ‘Sticky Fingers’, a new biography about the life of Jann Wenner, founder  of Rolling Stone. That’s too bad, because the book deserves to be devoured by anyone interested in the history  of Rolling Stone, and more broadly, how it shaped and tilted cultural attitudes over the last half-century.  Meticulously researched and filled with fascinating anecdotes and gossip items, Sticky Fingers is a definitive  account of the man who possibly more than any musician impacted the way America consumes and thinks of  rock n’ roll. I finished the book impressed by Wenner’s accomplishments and force of will, but .wary of how  he made an active choice to hollow out his humanity, flipping on confidantes once they were no longer of use  and always picking the route that would give him the most money. This kind of hunger passes down through  generations – Toward the end, Wenner’s son Gus is introduced to us as a mini-Jann, one who has absorbed his  father’s capacity for ambition from a young age. His first act, after being installed as the head of Rolling  Stone’s website at the tender age of 25, is to fire a dozen staffers. ‘I believe so much in the cause,’ Gus says  when asked if firing experienced staffers is weird. ‘And there’s so much on the line between what the brand  represents, myself, and my family. The well-being of my family.’ 

(D) Kirkus 

Much like its spiritual cousin Saturday Night Live, Rolling Stone magazine has been a murderers’ row of talent  for decades, from the groundbreaking Lester Bangs to the gonzo engine of Hunter S. Thompson to political  wunderkind Matt Taibbi. Here, former Rolling Stone contributing editor Hagan provides the most complete  portrait ever of the man who has firmly gripped the magazine’s helm the whole time, a man whose thumbprint  on the American culture was matched only by a vacillating stew of ego and insecurity. For fans, newbies, and  journalism junkies alike, the iconic stories are here e.g., Patti Hearst’s Stockholm syndrome, the assassination  of John Lennon, and the combative, brotherly bond between Wenner and Thompson in the latter’s heyday.  The author also explores the heavily drug-fueled work ethic among Wenner and contemporaries like Annie  Leibovitz, Wenner’s infamously combative marriage, and his long, painful struggle with his sexuality. To his  credit, Hagan doesn’t trade on his access to his subject’s celebrity friends; when Mick Jagger or Michael  Douglas pop up in the narrative, it’s because they’re substantive eyewitnesses to the scene at the time. Working  with his subject’s full consent and participation, the author manages to create a far deeper portrait than many  readers will expect. 

106. Fails to detail Wenner’s influence on the evolution of societal values and norms? 107. Hagan’s decision to refrain from piggybacking on others’ fame for his narrative gain? 108. Mentions publications concerning influential figures tailored to resonate with a particular  demographic of readers? 
107. Exhibits the author’s hesitance stemming from Wenner’s particular choices? 
108. Insinuates at Wenner’s complex carnal proclivity? 
109. Articulates that the author navigates between contrasting perspectives to reach narrative equilibrium? 112. Reflects the dim light in which Wenner came to be viewed? 
110. Illustrates Wenner’s contrastive social persona? 
111. Demonstrates Hagan’s attribution of Wenner’s achievements to his eclectic preferences? 115. Displays an absence of empathy towards Wenner? 

Your answers:

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SECTION IV. WRITING (6.0 POINTS) 

Part 1: Read the following extract and summarize it in your own words. The summary should be  between 100 and 120 words. You MUST NOT copy the original.  

Impossibility theorem, the thesis that it is generally impossible to assess the common good 

The impossibility theorem assumes that agents have complete and well-ordered preferences over all the  outcomes under consideration in a collective choice situation. This requires that agents know whether they  prefer one in any pair of possible outcomes, and it requires that agents’ preferences obey the logical  relationship of transitivity, which requires that if Adams is preferred to Madison and Madison is preferred to  Washington, then Washington cannot be preferred to Adams. The impossibility theorem considers cases in  which three or more agents make a collective choice from three or more alternatives in situations as diverse  as democratic voting, establishing public policies that reflect social welfare, and the marketplace. The theorem  is constructed to resolve the question of whether there is any mathematical procedure for amalgamating  individual preferences that results in a collectively rational preference ordering of all the possible outcomes. 

In addition to assuming that individuals’ preferences are rational, the theorem stipulates that four minimal  conditions must apply to the decision procedure for its result to be valid. The theorem requires that individuals  be permitted to have any rational preference ordering over alternatives, that there not be a single dictator  whose preference over a single pair of alternatives holds for the group decision, that the collective ranking  over outcomes remains unchanged if one of the alternatives ceases to be considered, and that a unanimous  preference over a pair of outcomes implies a collective preference over that pair. These requirements are  generally regarded as beyond controversy. 

The theorem proves that, given these minimal assumptions, it is impossible to construct any procedure that  results in a collectively rational expression of individual desires. Though highly technical in its statement, the  theorem has important implications for philosophies of democracy and political economy. The theorem rejects  the notion of a collective democratic will, whether derived through civic deliberation or construed by experts  who paternalistically apply knowledge of what is best for a population. The theorem also denies that there  could be objective basic needs or universal criteria that any procedure for collective decision making should  recognize, such as minimal nutrition standards or human rights. (363 words) 

Your summary: 

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Part 2. The charts below provide some information about the U.S. immigrants in 2022. Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main points and make comparisons where  relevant. You should write at least 150 words. 

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Part 3. Essay writing  

Write an essay of at least 350 words on the following topic: 

Discuss the statement and give your opinion. Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples  from your own knowledge or experience. 

== THE END ==

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