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PART A. LISTENING (Each recording will be played TWICE.)

Section 1. Questions 1–10.
Questions 1–7. Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.

Opportunities for voluntary work in Southoe village

• Library
  • Help with (1) ________ books (times to be arranged).
  • Help needed to keep (2) ________ of books up to date.
  • Library is in the (3) ________ Room in the village hall.
• Lunch club
  • Help by providing (4) ________.
  • Help with hobbies such as (5) ________.
• Help for individuals needed next week
  • Take Mrs. Carroll to (6) ________.
  • Work in the (7) ________ at Mr. Selsbury’s house.

Questions 8–10. Complete the table below. Write ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

Village social events

Section 2. Questions 11–15.
Listen to the talk and choose the correct answer A, B or C.

11. Russ says that his difficulty in planning the presentation is due to ________.

12. Russ and his tutor agree that his approach in the presentation will be ________.

13. In connection with slides, the tutor advises Russ to ________.

14. They both agree that the best way for Russ to start his presentation is ________.

15. What does the tutor advise Russ to do next while preparing his presentation?

Section 3. Questions 16–25.
You are going to hear a part of the lecture about a Fossil Park. Fill in the gap with NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each.

Study of fossil park

Types of fossils:

• Transitional fossils: rare, show evidence of evolutionary change
• (16) ________ fossils: more common, actual fossilised remains
• (17) ________ fossils: indirect evidence of animal, such as footprints or tunnels

Fossilisation processes:

• Organism trapped in volcanic ash
• Petrification
• An animal is (18) ________ in the mud after death.
• Mud dries and hardens.
• (19) ________ replace the bones leaving a stone shape.

Purchasing fossils:

• Site: shop outside the park or from the park’s (20) ________
• Prices: generally (21) ________

Tools – Function or purpose:

• A tape measure: Record the (22) ________ of each fossil
• A notebook: Record the types of (23) ________
• A camera: Record the (24) ________ of each fossil
• A compass: Detect (25) ________ to locate the fossils

PART B. LEXICO – GRAMMAR

Section 1. Choose the correct option A, B, C or D to complete the following sentences. Write your answers on the answer sheet.

1. It is imperative that products ________ carefully before they are sold to the public.

2. The new school complex cost ________ the city council had budgeted for.

3. Beneath the streets of a modern city ________ of walls, columns, cables, pines, and tunnels required to satisfy the needs of its inhabitants.

4. ________ the low rainfall this year, the residents living in this area were warned not to be extravagant with water.

5. Widely considered a literary masterpiece, ________.

6. She looked quite anxious. She seemed ________ there for hours.

7. That book is by a famous anthropologist. It’s about the people in Samoa ________ for two years.

8. We took CDs with us to our gatherings. Actually, we ________ that, for there was no CD player to play them on.

9. ________ as taste is really a composite sense made up of both taste and smell.

10. I’m in a bit of a ________ as to what to wear to the wedding.

11. This great song has always ________ memories of Daisy’s schooldays.

12. The other teams were so good that we obviously didn’t ________ any chance of winning the match.

13. As the two competitions are taking place ________, I will have to decide which one to attend.

14. Thieves got away with a ________ of jewelry worth thousands of pounds.

15. People in this village have an ________ appetite for news.

16. Mr. Wellbred went to a school which ________ good manners and self-discipline.

17. Dr. Johnson managed to ensure that the scientists in his research team were the ________ of the crop.

18. The return on your investment will come in ________ at first, but you’ll see a more steady flow of income later.

19. Peter: “That speech was quite compelling.”
    Helen: “________. It struck all the right chords with the audience.”

20. Lan: “Do you think that the teacher would let us leave early to watch the football match?”
    Minh: “________.”

Section 2. Supply the correct form of the word in brackets. Write your answers on the answer sheet.

21. The ________ of the education system in Finland is famous all over Europe. (EFFICIENT)
22. Bullying among school children can cause ________ of school, which can impact their academic development. (HATE)
23. Her contribution to the overall success of the project was ________ important. (MEASURE)
24. He won the discus event at the Olympic Games but was later ________ when a medical check proved that he had been taking drugs. (QUALIFY)
25. The teacher was careful not to show ________ to any one student because this may cause discontentment among students. (FAVOR)
26. The account of his trips is rather repetitive and uninspired, ________ only by his humorous dealing with locals who could not speak English. (LIVE)
27. Improved safety measures in cars can be ________ as they encourage people to drive faster. (PRODUCE)
28. The manager was ________ to the employees’ concerns about long working hours, insisting that deadlines came first. (SYMPATHY)
29. Her documentary highlighted the deep-rooted ________ that still affect women in rural areas. (EQUAL)
30. The professor was praised for her ________ approach, encouraging students to challenge conventional theories. (INNOVATE)

Section 3. Choose the underlined part A, B, C or D that needs correction in each of the following questions, then correct it. Write your answers on the answer sheet.

PART C. READING

Section 1. Read the following passage and decide which option A, B, C or D best fits each gap. Write your answers on the answer sheet.

1. It is not easy to have a rational discussion with people about the nature of their language. They feel that the language belongs to them, and they are therefore entitled to hold ________ and dried opinions about it.

2. Arguments can as easily stem from minor points of usage ________ from major educational policies.

3. In English, the origin of many popular misconceptions ________ in the work of the linguists of the eighteenth century.

4. Unfortunately, they worked on the ________ that English grammar is derived from Latin grammar.

5. They believed that the rules of the latter necessarily ________ the former.

6. It was this fundamental misunderstanding that resulted in the absurd but time-honoured rules that many people still ________ to.

7. These days, many people complain that the internet is the source of distortion and ________ the ease and speed of email communication engenders a lazy approach to writing.

8. Perhaps we should be more broad-minded and view such changes as potential enrichment ________ corruption of the language.

9. Those who argue it is only the latter are guilty of a stick-in-the-mud mentality which is often not ________ to their own language.

10. When Bloomfield attempted to dispute the point, the doctor had no thoughts of backing ________.

Section 2. Read the following passage and fill in each gap with ONE most suitable word. Write your answers on the answer sheet.

The global bottled water industry is estimated to be (11) ________ between 75 and 100 billion dollars annually. In a recent survey, people who drank bottled water were twice as likely as (12) ________ who didn’t to cite health reasons for their choice. (13) ________ to genius marketing over the last three decades, it’s a common misconception that bottled water is healthier, safer and purer than tap water.

However, nothing could be further from the truth. Studies have shown that plastic bottles release small amounts of harmful chemicals over time, especially when (14) ________ to sunlight. Among these chemicals is antimony, a toxin similar to lead, which causes nausea, dizziness and depression in small doses. In large doses, it can (15) ________ be fatal.

But many people who purchase bottled water claim they (16) ________ so purely for reasons of taste. But it’s all in their mind. Taste tests have revealed that people just can’t (17) ________ the difference between bottled and tap water. What’s (18) ________, bottled water is often not that much better than tap water. Up to 40% of all bottled water comes from urban water supplies, (19) ________ the ‘springs’, ‘glaciers’ or ‘pristine wildernesses’ depicted on their labels. So, while there indeed are times and places for drinking bottled water – in developing countries for example where water supplies are risky – you’re much better (20) ________ drinking tap water.

Section 3. Read the following passage and write the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

(Passage on Anthropology – no question items yet provided)

Anthropology distinguishes itself from the other social sciences by its greater emphasis on fieldwork as the source of new knowledge. The aim of such studies is to develop as intimate an understanding as possible of the phenomena investigated. Although the length of field studies varies from a few weeks to years, it is generally agreed that anthropologists should stay in the field long enough for their presence to be considered ‘natural’ by the permanent residents.

Realistically, however, anthropologists may never reach this status. Their foreign mannerisms make them appear clownish, and so they are treated with curiosity and amusement. If they speak the local language at all, they do so with a strange accent and flawed grammar. They ask tactless questions and inadvertently break rules regarding how things are usually done. Arguably this could be an interesting starting point for research, though it is rarely exploited. Otherwise, anthropologists take on the role of the “superior expert”, in which case they are treated with deference and respect, only coming into contact with the most high-ranking members of the society. Anthropologists with this role may never witness the gamut of practices which take place in all levels of the society.

No matter which role one takes on, anthropologists generally find fieldwork extremely demanding. Anthropological texts may read like an exciting journey of exploration, but rarely is this so. Long periods of time spent in the field are generally characterised by boredom, illness and frustration. Anthropologists in the field encounter unfamiliar climates, strange food and low standards of hygiene. It is often particularly trying for researchers with middle-class, European backgrounds to adapt to societies where being alone is considered pitiful. It takes a dedicated individual to conduct research which is not in some way influenced by these personal discomforts.

Nonetheless, fieldwork requires the researcher to spend as much time as possible in local life. A range of research methodologies can be utilised to extract information. These can be classified as emic or etic. A native’s point of view of his own lifestyle is emic, while the analytical perspective of the outsider is etic. While emic descriptions are considered more desirable nowadays, they are difficult to attain, even if the researcher does his utmost to reproduce the facts from the natives’ point of view. More often than not, aspects of the researcher’s own culture, perspective and literary style seep into the narrative. Moreover, research generally involves translations from one language to another and from speech into writing. In doing this, the meaning of utterances is changed. The only truly emic descriptions can be those given by the natives themselves in their own vernacular.

The least invasive type of research methodology is observation. Here, the researcher studies the group and records findings without intruding too much on their privacy. This is not to say, however, that the presence of the researcher will have minimal impact on the findings. An example was Richard Borshay Lee, who, in studying local groups in the Kalahari refused to provide the people with food so as not to taint his research, leading to an inevitable hostility towards the researcher which would not otherwise have been present.

A variant on the observation technique, participant observation requires that the anthropologist not only observes the culture, but participates in it too. It allows for deeper immersion into the culture studied, hence a deeper understanding of it. By developing a deeper rapport with the people of the culture, it is hoped they will open up and divulge more about their culture and way of life than can simply be observed. Participant observation is still an imperfect methodology, however, since populations may adjust their behavior around the researcher, knowing that they are the subject of research.

The participatory approach was conceived in an attempt to produce as emic a perspective as possible. The process involves not just the gathering of information from local people, but involves them in the interpretation of the findings. That is, rather than the researcher getting actively involved in the processes within the local community, the process is turned on its head. The local community is actively involved in the research process.

21. The main premise of the text is ________.

22. The main reason for anthropological researchers remaining in a community for an extended period of time is that ________.

23. What does the passage say about researchers who are considered a ‘clown’ by locals?

24. What does the word gamut in paragraph 2 mean?

25. The writer believes that the most difficult aspect of fieldwork for educated westerners is ________.

26. In paragraph 3, it is implied that ________.

27. What does the word this in paragraph 4 refer to?

28. Why is the example of Richard Borshay Lee given in paragraph 5?

29. How does participant observation differ from straightforward observation?

30. Which of the following is NOT true of the participatory approach?

Section 4. Read the passage and do the tasks that follow. Write your answers on the answer sheet.

HOW SHOULD READING BE TAUGHT?
By Keith Rayner & Barbara R. Foorman

A. Learning to speak is automatic for almost all children, but learning to read requires elaborate instruction and conscious effort. Well aware of the difficulties, educators have given a great deal of thought to how they can best help children learn to read. No single method has triumphed. Indeed, heated arguments about the most appropriate form of reading instruction continue to polarize the teaching community.

B. Three general approaches have been tried. In one, called whole-word instruction, children learn by rote how to recognize at a glance a vocabulary of 50 to 100 words. Then they gradually acquire other words, often through seeing them used over and over again in the context of a story. Speakers of most languages learn the relationship between letters and the sounds associated with them (phonemes). That is, children are taught how to use their knowledge of the alphabet to sound out words. This procedure constitutes a second approach to teaching reading – phonics. Many schools have adopted a different approach: the whole-language method. The strategy here relies on the child’s experience with the language. For example, students are offered engaging books and are encouraged to guess the words that they do not know by considering the context of the sentence or by looking for clues in the storyline and illustrations, rather than trying to sound them out. Many teachers adopted the whole-language approach because of its intuitive appeal. Making reading fun promises to keep children motivated, and learning to read depends more on what the student does than on what the teacher does. The presumed benefits of whole-language instruction – and the contrast to the perceived dullness of phonics – led to its growing acceptance across America during the 1990s and a movement away from phonics.

C. However, many linguists and psychologists objected strongly to the abandonment of phonics in American schools. Why was this so? In short, because research had clearly demonstrated that understanding how letters related to the component sounds in words is critically important in reading. This conclusion rests, in part, on knowledge of how experienced readers make sense of words on a page. Advocates of whole-language instruction have argued forcefully that people often derive meanings directly from print without ever determining the sound of the word. Some psychologists today accept this view, but most believe that reading is typically a process of rapidly sounding out words mentally. Compelling evidence for this comes from experiments which show that subjects often confuse homophones (words that sound the same, such as rose and ‘rows’). This supports the idea that readers convert strings of letters to sounds.

D. In order to evaluate different approaches to teaching reading, a number of experiments have been carried out, firstly with college students, then with school pupils. Investigators trained English-speaking college students to read using unfamiliar symbols such as Arabic letters (the phonics approach), while another group learned entire words associated with certain strings of Arabic letters (whole-word). Then both groups were required to read a new set of words constructed from the original characters. In general, readers who were taught the rules of phonics could read many more new words than those trained with a whole-word procedure. Classroom studies comparing phonics with either whole-word or whole-language instruction are also quite illuminating. One particularly persuasive study compared two programs used in 20 first-grade classrooms. Half the students were offered traditional reading instruction, which included the use of phonics drills and applications. The other half were taught using an individualized method that drew from their experiences with languages; these children produced their own booklets of stories and developed sets of words to be recognized (common components of the whole-language approach). This study found that the first group scored higher at year’s end on tests of reading and comprehension.

E. If researchers are so convinced about the need for phonics instruction, why does the debate continue? Because the controversy is enmeshed in the philosophical differences between traditional and progressive (or new) approaches, differences that have divided educators for years. The progressive challenge the results of laboratory tests and classroom studies on the basis of a broad philosophical skepticism about the values of such research. They champion student-centered learning and teacher empowerment. Sadly, they fail to realize that these very admirable educational values are equally consistent with the teaching of phonics.

F. If schools of education insisted that would-be reading teachers learned something about the vast research in linguistics and psychology that bears on reading, their graduates would be more eager to use phonics and would be prepared to do so effectively. They could allow their pupils to apply the principles of phonics while reading for pleasure. Using whole-language activities to supplement phonics instruction certainly helps to make reading fun and meaningful for children, so no one would want to see such tools discarded. Indeed, recent work has indicated that the combination of literature-based instruction and phonics is more powerful than either method used alone. Teachers need to strike a balance. But in doing so, we urge them to remember that reading must be grounded in a firm understanding of the connections between letters and sounds. Educators who deny this reality are neglecting decades of research. They are also neglecting the needs of their students.

31. The passage has six sections, A – F.
    Choose the correct heading for sections B – F from the list of headings below.

List of Headings
i  Disagreement about the reading process
ii  The roots of the debate
iii  A combined approach
iv  Methods of teaching reading
v  A controversial approach
vi  Inconclusive research
vii  Research with learners
viii  Allowing teachers more control
ix  A debate amongst educators

Example: Section A  ix

Questions 36–40. Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage?
Write
TRUE  if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE  if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

36. The whole-language approach relates letters to sounds.
37. Many educators believe the whole-language approach to be the most interesting way to teach children to read.
38. Research supports the theory that we read without linking words to sounds.
39. Research has shown that the whole-word approach is less effective than the whole-language approach.
40. Research has shown that phonics is more successful than both the whole-word and whole-language approaches.

PART D. WRITING

Section 1. Rewrite the sentences with the given word(s) or beginning in such a way that their meanings remain unchanged. Write your answers on the answer sheet.

1. There is nothing strange about this. (OUT)
   → There is nothing _______________________________________________ about this.
2. I said nothing because I was afraid of offending her. (FEAR)
   → I remained silent _______________________________________________ offence.
3. If we take everything into account, the street party was a great success in the end. (CONSIDERED)
   → All _______________________________________________ out to be a great success in the end.
4. Noise is something that is not possible for me to tolerate. (PUT)
   → I find _______________________________________________.
5. Carol has trouble communicating her ideas to others. (ACROSS)
   → It is _______________________________________________.
6. Success in the academic field depends on your ability to amass qualifications.
   → The more qualifications _______________________________________________.
7. When he arrived at the airport, his family welcomed him warmly.
   → On _______________________________________________ his family.
8. Martin may not be very well but she still manages to enjoy life.
   → Martin’s _______________________________________________.
9. I’m very much looking forward to seeing my great grandson for the first time.
   → What _______________________________________________.
10. Her success went beyond her expectation.
    → Never had _______________________________________________.

Section 2. Essay writing

In certain nations, parents have high academic expectations for their children, resulting in limited leisure time. What could be the potential benefits and drawbacks of this for the children and the society they are part of?

Write an essay of at least 250 words to express your opinion on the issue. Use reasons and examples to support your opinion.

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