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Thí sinh viết câu trả lời vào Phiếu làm bài (Answer Sheet).

Chỉ những câu trả lời ghi ở ANSWER SHEET mới được chấm điểm.

Thí sinh KHÔNG được sử dụng tài liệu, kể cả từ điển.

Giám thị KHÔNG giải thích gì thêm.

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

• Write your name, candidate number and exam room number on your Answer Sheet.

• Read the instructions for each part of the paper carefully.

• Answer all the questions. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.

• You MUST complete the Answer Sheet within the time limit.

• At the end of the test, hand in both this question paper and your Answer Sheet.

INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES

• There are 130 questions in this paper.

• Questions 1–80 carry 0.05 marks each.

• Questions 81–120 carry 0.1 marks each.

• Questions 121–130 carry 0.2 marks each.

Page 1 of 9

PART 1. LANGUAGE USE (4.00 pts) – Questions 1-80

Questions 1–40: GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY (2.00 pts)

Choose the answer (A, B, C, or D) which fits best. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.

1. _______ her better judgement, my mother invested all her retirement savings in cryptocurrency.

2. Burglars _______ with not only valuables but also sensitive company documents.

3. Please do not do me any favors. I do not like to be _______ to anyone.

4. Jimmy was sent to prison for 3 years just for possession of _______ drugs.

5. With the passing of the Equality Act, the government wants to show its _______ commitment to women’s rights.

6. Her mother has warned her _______ not to respond to messages from strangers online.

7. Just _______! Life is miserable when you have to watch out for everything and everyone.

8. Jimmy received a court order for tax evasion offense, but with his reckless business practice, he _______.

9. CEOs need to be _______ accountable for enabling the exploitation of the working class.

10. Be careful and _______. You might not be aware of what you are signing up for.

11. While your essay is satisfactory, there are some points that need to be _______ with evidence and reasoning.

12. Now is a good time to _______ your French before you transfer to the Paris office at the end of this year.

13. _______ an ancient battlefield, the cave mural was painted using various pigmented minerals.

14. _______ modelled after the symbol animal of France.

15. We adopted a _______ to keep our older dog company.

16. Since our budget is shrinking, we have to _______. Let’s start with the office massage chairs.

17. No sooner _______ John burst into tears.

18. You are always expected to go the extra _______, but never with any extra pay.

19. You ought to remind your teacher as she _______ about your bonus points.

20. Some schools are coming under _______ pressure from parents to censor content inappropriate for students.

21. To combat inflation, the government assembled an economic _______ in order to propose new policies.

22. Ms. Sally needs someone to _______ at the school assembly tomorrow as she is quite sick.

23. Any luggage _______ at the airport will be confiscated and searched by police.

24. That traitorous snake _______ multiple times for his own benefit.

25. Our government is working with foreign construction companies to _______ the urban infrastructure problem.

26. _______ it started to malfunction just after a drop.

27. You need to realize that we are all on the same _______, and either we all survive or no one does.

28. The _______ majority of students prefer blended learning to strictly online or face to face.

29. The student performer’s rapping over the ‘Declaration of Independence’ raised a few _______ in the audience.

30. Receiving warning of a(n) _______ storm, our family quickly devised a shelter plan.

31. We all paused our climb to admire the _______ beauty of the sun rising over the snow-cloaked peaks.

32. The host would prefer _______ in formal attire.

33. While doing research for my history assignment, I went _______ reading about medieval conspiracy theories.

34. After years of thinking about it, Molly decided to _______ and get a tattoo.

35. It is crucial that the evidence _______ by any non-authorized persons.

36. Independent studies are beginning to _______ doubt on the effectiveness of dietary supplements.

37. While doing research for my history assignment, I went _______ reading about medieval conspiracy theories.

38. After years of thinking about it, Molly decided to _______ and get a tattoo.

39. It is crucial that the evidence _______ by any non-authorized persons.

40. Independent studies are beginning to _______ doubt on the effectiveness of dietary supplements.

Questions 41–60: GUIDED CLOZE TEST (1.00 pts)
Choose the answer (A, B, C, or D) which fits best. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.

Guided Cloze 1

Black Mirror, created by British writer and satirist Charlie Brooker, is a critically _______ 41 anthology series that examines the _______ 42 of technology, society, and human psychology. First _______ 43 in 2011, the show quickly gained _______ 44 for its hauntingly plausible depictions of near-future worlds dominated by technology. Brooker has described the series as inspired by The Twilight Zone, but reframed for a digital age, with each episode serving as a _______ 45 exploration of how modern innovations might twist human behavior in unexpected ways.

The title Black Mirror refers to the reflective surface of a _______ 46 screen — phones, televisions, tablets — symbolizing both a literal object and a metaphor for introspection in the age of technology. _______ 47 offering grand dystopias, the series often focuses on intimate stories: a woman resurrecting her partner through AI, or a social credit system that dictates a person’s rights. The tone is contemplative, with a narrative rhythm that _______ 48 stillness and reflection over sensationalism. Its cultural significance lies in the way it _______ 49 invisible anxieties visible, _______ 50 the cost of progress without rejecting the values of technology. Through minimalism and emotional depth, each episode offers viewers a quiet meditation on a possible tomorrow.

Guided Cloze 2

The Mohana fishermen of central Pakistan are a living link with some of the earliest moments of human history.
_______ 51 from change by the inhospitability of their environment, they live a life which has _______ 52 altered in five millennia. Some call them Noah’s children.

They live in floating villages on the _______ 53 of the Indus, in the flood plain of Sind, where for 200 miles the river cuts through what is _______ 54 desert wasteland. Few other living creatures survive there, _______ 55 the climate is harsh and unpredictable. The river, up to three miles wide at points, is too treacherous for _______ 56 the Mohana to navigate.

They live as they _______ 57, each person’s role rigidly predetermined. There are three castes, based on the three traditional river trades: fishing, boat building and ferrying. The fishermen, or shikari, are the most unusual. They fish the shallow waters at the edge of the river, where the alluvial currents make it difficult to locate fish.

The solution is to use _______ 58 herons. Endowed with oils on the surface of their eyes which act as colour filters, these birds can _______ 59 the tiniest movements in the murky surface of the water and _______ 60 detect the fish below, which they then dive for and catch. For the shikari, these herons mean the difference between life and death.

Questions 61–80: OPEN CLOZE TEST (1.00 pts)
Complete each blank with ONE most suitable word. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.

Open Cloze 1

African American newspapers in the 1930s faced many hardships. For _______ 61, knowing that buyers of African American papers also bought general-circulation papers, advertisers of consumer products often ignored African American publications. On the positive side, advertisers’ discrimination _______ 62 free the African American press _______ 63 advertiser domination since editors could print _______ 64 charged material more readily than _______ 65 the large national dailies, which _______ 66 on advertisers’ ideological approval to secure revenues. Unfortunately, it also made the selling price of Black papers much higher than _______ 67 of general-circulation dailies. Often as _______ 68 as two-thirds of publication costs had to come from subscribers or subsidies from community politicians and other interest _______ 69. And _______ 70 their editorial freedom, African American publishers often felt compelled to print a disproportionate amount of sensationalism, sports, and society news to boost circulation.

Open Cloze 2

Historians have long recognized the traditional Japanese sword, or nihonto, as one of the finest cutting weapons _______ 71 produced, but it has even been _______ 72 a spiritual entity. The adage “the sword is the soul of the samurai” reflects the sword’s psychic importance, not _______ 73 to its wielder, but also to its creator, the master smith. Though _______ 74 classically regarded as artists, master smiths nevertheless exerted great care in the process of creating swords, no two of _______ 75 were forged exactly the same way. Over hundreds of hours, two types of steel were repeatedly heated, hammered, and folded together, _______ 76 thousands of imperceptible layers, yielding _______ 77 a razor-sharp, durable edge and a flexible, shock-absorbing blade. Commonly, though optionally, the smith physically “signed” the blade using their secret forging _______ 78 to leave an idiosyncratic structural signature. _______ 79 unique finished product reflected the smith’s personal honor and devotion _______ 80 the craft, and today, the Japanese sword is valued for its artistic merit as well as historical significance.

PART 2. READING (2.50 pts) – Questions 81–105

For questions 81–88, read the passage below and answer the questions that follow. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.

The Science Behind ‘Cute Aggression’

Your urge to ‘gobble up those chubby cheeks’ has an evolutionary purpose.

A. If you’ve ever had the desire to hug a cute baby or animal super tight, you’re part of the approximately 50% of people who experience what psychologists call “cute aggression.” A physically enthusiastic response to a chubby one-year-old or a new puppy is just one example of what psychologists call a “dimorphous expression,” or an incongruent display of emotion. Without proper context, these urges might seem puzzling, but recent studies show they not only make sense psychologically, but may also serve as an important protective mechanism.

B. Oriana Aragon, PhD, assistant professor of psychology at Clemson University, became interested in the scientific underpinnings of cute aggression in 2011 after she saw model Leslie Bibb say on Conan O’Brien that a puppy was “so cute she wanted to bash it.” Aragon, at the time a graduate student at Yale University studying social psychology, called her dad to tell him about Bibb’s aggressive response to cuteness. He asked a question that set years of future research into motion: Really, how different is wanting to bash a puppy than grandma squeezing the baby’s cheeks or grandma saying she wants to eat you up? “That’s when it clicked,” Aragon says. “We do all these weird things, like crying when we’re happy or acting aggressively when we think something’s cute.”

C. Aragon began researching dimorphous expression in 2015, testing the hypothesis that people grimace or weep during happy moments instinctively to regulate positive emotions that overwhelm them. Since feeling emotionally and physically overwhelmed isn’t sustainable, researchers have long presumed that the brain may respond with a seemingly contradictory expression to ‘balance’ out or shift the individual away from the other, all-encompassing emotion. The sudden desire to squeeze the baby could help regulate that sense of overwhelming cuteness; essentially bringing you down from the “high”.

D. In a separate study in 2018, Aragon found another byproduct of dimorphous responses: something called “motivational orientation,” which is our unconscious way of showing not just our emotions, but our intentions to the people around us. Expressing and understanding intent is important because it can help us coordinate actions toward people around us. For example, if you see a cute baby and respond with clenched fists and a quick approach, a mother may perceive you as overly excited and decide that this hyped-up interaction might be too much for her baby. She can then set a boundary by holding the baby herself. “Knowing someone’s motivation helps the mom engage with the approacher’s orientation,” says Aragon.

E. Both Aragon and Stavropoulous believe cute aggression and other expressions that don’t necessarily match the scenario at hand may have important social and evolutionary implications. “When you think about small social groups and how they used to share caretaking of infants, it makes sense that we have these really distinct signals about how we are going to treat someone’s baby,” she says. Aragon also says it’s possible our variety of reactions when we encounter a baby could teach babies about the nuance of emotional expression. “Babies are always decoding facial expressions, trying to map which expressions go in which situations,” she says. “Receiving a variety of expressions in a variety of contexts could teach them that these expressions can occur even in positive situations.”

F. Stavropoulous thinks there could be a more evolutionarily significant purpose behind the desire to squeeze a baby. Researchers found in a 2009 study that women who viewed images of cute babies exhibited more careful, slow, and deliberate behavior afterward, which Stavropoulous says could build on the idea that cute aggression is an adaptive mechanism to activate caretaking behaviors, which ultimately helps babies survive. “Maybe this feeling of ‘I want to squeeze it’ serves to remind us that this baby or animal is super fragile, and we are big adults, so we actually need to move carefully,” Stavropoulous says. “It might be an odd but effective way to remind us that you could squish this, so don’t do it.”

Questions 81–85

Reading Passage 1 has six paragraphs A–F.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
You may use any letter more than once.

81. behavioral changes in participants of a study

82. an educational effect that ‘cute aggression’ has on human infants

83. a ‘cute aggression’ remark made by a celebrity

84. a maternal response to signs of ‘cute aggression’

85. the likelihood of experiencing ‘cute aggression’

Questions 86–88

Complete each sentence with the correct ending from the list A–G below.

86. People may express a contradictory emotion because …

87. We implicitly convey our intentions to people so that …

88. People’s desire to squeeze a baby might indicate that …

A. they have to balance out an overwhelming emotion.
B. they can discourage overreactions.
C. they need to grow a sense of boundaries.
D. they can respond in a socially appropriate way.
E. they have child-rearing instincts.
F. they do not find the cuteness to be overwhelming.
G. they want to assert dominance over the baby.

For questions 89–98, read the passage below and answer the following questions.

Why we find human-like robots and dolls so creepy

It seems obvious that the more human robots are, the more familiar we find them. But it’s only true up to a point – then we find them disturbing.

The “uncanny valley” is a characteristic dip in emotional response that happens when we encounter an entity that is almost, but not quite, human. It was first hypothesised in 1970 by the Japanese roboticist Masahiro Mori, who identified that as robots became more human-like, people would find them to be more acceptable and appealing than their mechanical counterparts. But this only held true up to a point. When they were close to, but not quite, human, people developed a sense of discomfort. If human likeness increased beyond this point, and they became very close to human, the emotional response returned to being positive. It is this distinctive dip in the relationship between human likeness and emotional response that is called the “uncanny valley”.

Anything with a highly human-like appearance can be subject to this peculiar effect, but common examples are androids, computer game characters and life-like dolls. However, not all near-human robots are eerie, and the perception of eeriness varies from person to person. So what evidence exists for the effect and what properties of near-humans might make us feel so uncomfortable?

Since 1970, the uncanny valley effect has been explored from many perspectives, from the practical interest of roboticists to theoretical approaches from philosophers and experimental studies conducted by psychologists. Research started in earnest from 2005, when Karl MacDorman and Takashi Minato translated Mori’s original paper into English. Interest in the area has since expanded quickly: so far, 510 academic papers reference the effect in 2015, compared to just 35 in 2004. Regardless, while the effect is easy to describe, and feels intuitively “right”, it is notoriously difficult to research such a subjective concept. Academics are even engaged in an active debate as to whether the uncanny valley exists at all – Jari Kätsyri and colleagues recently reviewed the evidence and drew the conclusion that the effect remains hard to pin down.

Either way, the debate has not yet been won – although perhaps the most compelling evidence for the existence of the uncanny valley has just been published. Maya Mathur and David Reichling studied 80 real-world robots and found a clear valley effect in how much people liked and were willing to trust them. Their data showed the classic rise-dip-rise that Mori originally predicted. This was found with the original robots and also with CGI images built to systematically vary in human likeness. The challenge now is to explain just why this might be happening. At the moment, there are three lines that seem particularly promising.

First, the uncanny valley might occur at the boundary where something moves from one category to another, in this case, between non-human and human. Christine Looser and Thalia Wheatley looked at mannequin faces that were morphed into human faces and found a valley at the point where the inanimate face started to look alive. Second, a valley may also occur if we’re able to believe that near-human entities possess a mind, as we do. A study by Kurt Gray and Daniel Wegner found that robots were only unnerving when people believed that they could think and experience things, and robots that did not seem to possess a mind were not frightening.

A final compelling area for future research is that the uncanny valley occurs because of mismatches between aspects of the robot’s appearance and/or behaviour. Angela Tinwell’s work has looked at many types of mismatch, including speech synchronisation, speech speed and facial expressions. In one 2013 study, near-human agents that reacted to a startling noise by showing surprise in the lower part of their face, but not the upper part, were found to be particularly eerie. The study suggested that this may even be reminiscent of the pattern of expressive behaviour exhibited by humans with psychopathic traits.

Android science progresses rapidly and is creating increasingly realistic robots. The uncanny valley would not exist if a robot were indistinguishable from a human because there would no longer be a relative dip in emotional response. One theory, that of an uncanny wall, suggests that it will always be possible to tell artificial from human because as robots become more realistic, we will also become more sensitive and will always be able to tell that something is not right. However, we’re certainly not there yet, and we could eventually find that the uncanny valley effect was an artefact of this particular period in the history of artificial humans, when representations were easily distinguishable from humans. Speaking as a researcher of the uncanny valley, I plan to enjoy its sense of subtle eeriness while it lasts.

Questions 89–92

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage?
Write on the Answer Sheet:

• TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

• FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

• NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

89. The uncanny valley effect is strongest towards human-like robots.

90. The study of the uncanny valley effect exclusively attracts roboticists.

91. The majority of research papers on the topic are not in English.

92. Mathur and Reichling’s experiment yielded results that agree with Mori’s theory.

Questions 93–96

Complete the summary below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

The uncanny valley effect is the feeling of unease felt towards certain robots or characters that bear a strong, but not exact, resemblance to humans. First conceptualized by a Japanese scientist who recorded a _______ 93 in human positive reaction when faced with a robot of certain human likeness, the phenomenon has then received much research attention.

One theory suggests that the uncanny valley effect might be triggered as soon as a robot face begins to look _______ 94. Another researcher found that the belief in a robot’s ability to _______ 95 and feel might increase fear response toward them. Finally, certain contrasts in the way a robot looks and the way it behaves can set off anxiety. For instance, a robot demonstrating its ‘startled face’ without moving the upper half of its face can be alarming because it reminds people of _______ 96 individuals.

Questions 97–98

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

97. What can be said about Mathur and Reichling?

98. The author believes that the uncanny valley

Questions 99–105

For questions 99–105, the following passage is an excerpt from Anne Frank’s Diaries. Seven pieces of text have been removed. Choose from the texts A–J the one which fits each gap (99–105).
There are THREE extra pieces of text that you do not need to use.
Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.

SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 7, 1942
Dearest Kitty,

Mother’s nerves are on edge again, and that never bodes well for me. Is it just coincidence that Father and Mother never scold Margot but always blame me?

_______ 99

Then Father walked in, didn’t ask what happened, and instantly sided with Margot: “I’d like to see how you’d feel if Margot took one of your books!” I put the book down immediately and left, which they called “in a huff.”

_______ 100

They always take Margot’s side. I’m used to it now — so used to it that I’ve become indifferent to Mother’s scolding and Margot’s moods. I love them because they are my mother and sister, but not for who they are. I don’t care for them as people. As far as I’m concerned, they can jump in a lake.

_______ 101

I’ve always been the clown, the one who gets double punishment: scolding and then having to deal with my own guilt. I want something more from Father, something he doesn’t seem able to give.

_______ 102

But Father won’t let me talk about Mother — he avoids it. Yet she’s the one I clash with most. I don’t know how to deal with her sarcasm, her coldness, her carelessness. I can’t bring it up directly, but I also can’t keep accepting all the blame.

_______ 103

I keep telling myself to focus on her good qualities, to find in myself what she lacks. But it never works. And the worst part is — they don’t see it. They don’t realize how much they’ve let me down. Do any parents truly make their children happy?

_______ 104

So I write. At night, so many things fill my head. By day, I deal with people who misunderstand me. And I come back to you, Kitty, because you’re patient. I promise you I’ll keep going, I’ll find my own way, and I’ll swallow my tears.

_______ 105

So don’t condemn me, Kitty. Think of me as a girl who sometimes reaches her breaking point.
Yours, Anne

Text to choose from:

A. We’re opposites, she and I. I’m not trying to judge her, but I see that she’s not a mother to me. I have to mother myself. I’ve let go of any hope in her and am charting my own path. I know what a mother should be, and I don’t see any of it in her.

B. Margot never has to explain herself. She could break something or say something cruel, and no one would mind. But when I make the tiniest mistake, all eyes turn on me. I’m tired of tiptoeing around everyone else’s moods. Why can’t they try to understand mine for once?

C. But I wasn’t angry – just sad. It was unfair of Father to pass judgment without understanding the situation. I would’ve given the book back on my own, without all the fuss.

D. They’re not consistent with me. One moment I’m called sensible and deserving of honesty, the next a silly goose who thinks she knows it all from books. I’m not the little darling they used to laugh at. I have thoughts, plans, ideals – but I can’t yet express them properly.

E. I sometimes wonder if they’d rather I just disappeared into the walls and stopped being a nuisance altogether.

F. I just wish – just once – I could see a result. Or hear one word of encouragement from someone who truly loves me.

G. I’m not jealous of Margot. I don’t envy her looks or brains. I just want to feel that I matter, that Father sees me, understands me. But he doesn’t see the difference in how he treats us. I hold on to him because my contempt for Mother is growing. It’s through him that I try to preserve the last bit of family feeling I still have.

H. Sometimes I think God is testing me, now and for the future. I’ll have to become good without a guide, without advice. Maybe that’ll make me stronger in the end.

I. It’s different with Father. I love him more than anyone, and when he praises Margot for being so clever, sweet, and pretty, I feel this ache inside. I want to be loved for who I am – Anne – not just because I’m his child.

J. Last night proved it again. Margot had been reading a book with beautiful pictures, put it down for a moment, and I picked it up. She returned, saw it in my hands, scowled, and snatched it back, accusingly. Of course, Mother sided with her: “Margot was reading that; give it back.”

PART 3. WRITING (3.50 pts) – Questions 106–130

Questions 106–115: WORD FORMATION (1.00 pts)

Provide the most suitable form of the given word in brackets to complete each space in the passage below. Write no more than ONE word for each space. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.

Artificial intelligence is revolutionizing mass surveillance and modern policing. China, for instance, has deployed AI-powered systems with facial recognition to monitor public spaces, using networks of millions of cameras. These tools have significantly improved the efficiency of 106 (HUNT), such as when Chinese authorities successfully tracked a fugitive in a crowd of 60,000 107 (CONCERT) within minutes.

On another front, the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA) employs AI to analyze vast amounts of global digital communication, identifying potential threats related to espionage and 108 (TERROR). AI systems detect linguistic patterns and unusual metadata in emails or phone calls that human analysts might 109 (LOOK), bolstering a nation’s information defense amidst international tensions.

AI also supports 110 (COVER) police operations. Law enforcement in the UK has used AI to assist in fighting 111 (CRIME), such as online sexual harassment and grooming. Algorithms are used to monitor and detect alarming patterns on messaging platforms and chatrooms. Sometimes, they even accurately predict potential threats.

However, along with this just use, there are a plethora of ethical concerns. In 112 (TOTAL) regimes, AI may be used to stem dissent, turning even a trusted 113 (CONFIDE) like close friends and family into 114 (KNOW) spies for the police. Furthermore, the growing popularity of generative art and deep-fakes assist the 115 (FORGE) of evidence, which muddles critical judicial decisions. Therefore, as AI grows more powerful, societies must navigate the fine line between security and civil liberty, ensuring that the technology serves justice, not undermines it.

Questions 116–120: ERROR CORRECTION (0.5 pts)

Identify the FIVE errors in the following passage and correct them. Indicate the line at which mistakes are found, and how to correct them. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.
WRITE NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each error/correction.

Example:
Line | Error  | Correction
1   | for    | of

Passage (for Questions 116–120):

The introduction for stricter environmental laws has been crucial in reducing pollution in many countries. While industries often resist to new regulations, evidence suggests that such policies can drive innovation and improve public health. In some cases, however, enforcement is inconsistent, resulting in significant gaps between policy and practice. Environmental activists argue that governments should increase investment in renewable energy and phase fossil fuel subsidies. Without comprehensive approach, efforts to mitigate climate changes are unlikely to succeed in the long term. International cooperation, including knowledge-sharing and joint research initiatives, plays a vital role to address global challenges. The effectiveness of environmental policy ultimately depends on both political willness and public support.

Questions 121–130: SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION (2.00 pts)

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given in brackets. Do NOT make any changes to the word given.
You must write from THREE to EIGHT words, including the given word.

Example:
Do you mind if I watch you while you paint?
→ Do you have any objection to my watching you while you paint? (OBJECTION)

121. Not __________________________ submit your assignment. (SHOULD)

122. Try not to __________________________ opportunities. (SHY)

123. It was from my mother __________________________ live. (LET)

124. With two __________________________. (FOREGONE)

125. Visiting her nursing home __________________________ for his elderly mother. (EVERY)

126. That our little daughter took __________________________ us by surprise. (WATER)

127. While what he said __________________________ pseudoscience. (GRAIN)

128. Had the team been __________________________ it to the finals. (CYLINDERS)

129. Becoming __________________________ his lungs. (TOLL)

130. We were __________________________ restaurant owner. (HOUSE)

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