Part 1. (1.0 point): Listen to the recording and decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F). Write your answers in the corresponding boxes provided. 

Part 2. (1.0 point): You will hear part of a lecture about culture of organizations. and answer the questions with NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer. Write your answers in the spaces provided.

1. In what kind of organizations is the power culture commonly observed?

__________________________________________________________________

2. What form of communication often occurs in organizations with power culture?

__________________________________________________________________

3. What is job security considered to be in power culture organizations?

__________________________________________________________________

4. How are jobs controlled in large companies with role culture?

__________________________________________________________________

5. What can large organizations achieve due to their size in relation to production costs?

__________________________________________________________________

Part 3. (1.0 point) You will hear part of a radio phone-in programme about consumer competitions that appear in magazines or are run by shops, in which advice is given to people who regularly enter them. Circle the answer (A, B, C or D) that fits best according to what you hear. 

1. Diana has phoned because she______
   A. feels that she is the victim of an injustice.
   B. is reluctant to consult a lawyer yet.
   C. fears she misunderstood an agreement she made.
   D. wants to avoid falling out with her best friend.
2. Kathy tells Diana that ______
   A. her problem is a rather unusual one.
   B. she should have been more careful when dealing with her friend.
   C. it is unfortunate that her friend has the attitude that she has.
   D. she would regret taking legal action.
3. What does Kathy tell Ron about using different names when entering competitions?
   A. People who do so are regularly caught out.
   B. It may affect the quality of a competitor’s entries.
   C. There are rarely occasions when it might be justified.
   D. It is unusual for competitors to decide to do so.
4. What has led Stan to phone in?
   A. an inadequate response to a complaint he has made
   B. a feeling of confusion as to the rules of a competition
   C. a belief that he has been sent inaccurate information
   D. a desire for more openness about the results of competitions
5. What does Kathy tell Stan about the competition he entered?
   A. Some of the phrasing of the instructions is ambiguous.
   B. The rules allow for results that may appear unfair.
   C. A deliberate attempt has been made to mislead competitors.
   D. It is the sort of competition that it is best not to enter.

Part 4. (2.0 points): Listen to a talk about sleep and supply the blanks with the missing information. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS taken from the recording for each answer in the space provided.

SLEEP AND MENTAL HEALTH

1. The culprit behind our ______________________ relationship to sleep originates from our ancient understanding of the subject.
2. Parents of small children have a disposition to be ____________________ in routine negotiations. 
3. Every reversal becomes a drama, every disappointment turns into a catastrophe and every excitement shifts into ______________________. 
4. An innovatively ______________________ approach to bedtimes when growing up can be considered an expression of independence and individuality.
5. There are various ways of expressing our perceptions about lives, ranging from positive narratives to appalling tales of complete ignorance and ______________________. 
6. When exhaustion sets in, we tend to think in a ______________________ way.
7. When we lie in bed, we think that we bear a resemblance to a ______________________, for instance, a rabbit or a squirrel.
8. Given the harsh grown-up life, we need to be free to ______________________ this.
9. It is inferred from curled squirrel position that mental problems cannot be universally handled by   ______________________. 
10. It is not until we have treated ourselves with a ______________________ or a long night’s sleep that we understand the reasons to live.
11. LEXICO- GRAMMAR (3.0 points) 

Part 1. (1.0 point): Choose the word or phrase which best completes each sentence. Circle the letter A, B, C or D to indicate your answer. 

1. The doctor insisted that his patient ______.
2. did not work too hard for three months B. to take some vacation for three months
3. take it easy inside of three months D. takes it easy inside of three months
4. You ______ then; otherwise, the policeman wouldn’t have stopped you.
5. could have been speeding B. must have been speeding
6. might have been speeding D. ought to have been speeding
7. ______, they slept soundly.
8. Hot though was the night air B. Hot although the night air was
9. Hot as was the night air D. Hot though the night air was
10. ______, he would have been able to pass the exam
11. if he studied hardly last year B. Had he studied harder last year
12. Provided he studied hard last year D. Studying harder last year
13. Could I pick your ______ on the subject before the meeting?
14. brains B. head   C. intellect D. mind 
15. When she puts her mind to it, she is always capable of ______ sarcasm.
16. sharpening B. biting C. slicing D. striking
17. You should be ______ ashamed of yourself for what you have done.
18. thoroughly                  B. hopelessly             C. entirely                  D. earnestly
19. We should have taken more care when booking our accommodation; we did it ______ and it wasn’t very good.
20. on the go B. on the run C. on the fly D. on the firing line
21. Investigators have not yet______the possibility that he was being blackmailed.
22. dug around B. ruled out C. boiled down to D. thrived on
23. That’s weird he didn’t agree to lend you his bike, isn’t he the type of person who would give you ______ off his back?
24. the coat B. the shoes C. the bag D. the shirt

Part 2. (0.5 point): Fill in each blank with ONE suitable particle or preposition to make a correct sentence. Write your answers in the spaces provided.  

1. Even though the police went ________ the evidence many times, they didn’t find anything. 
2. Their house was cut ________ from the village by the flooding river.
3. He threatened to set the dogs ________ us if we didn’t get off his property.
4.  We were so taken ________ by his decision to resign that we didn’t know what to say.
5. You can’t talk me ________giving you more money. I’ve given you enough already.

Part 3. (0.5 point): Each sentence below has four underlined parts, one of which is NOT CORRECT. Circle the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the incorrect ones. 

1. It is essential that a comprehensible development program be made available to help teachers of 

A       B             C

English foster their continuing professional development.

                                     D

2. It was indubitably a cyclone romance because the couple decided to tie the knot just two months 

        A                   B                                          C                                  D

after they met.

3. For thousands of years, man has created sweet-smelling substances from wood, herb, and flowers 

                                            A                              B

and using them for perfume or medicine.

               C                            D

4. Architects once thought buildings not as separate architectural entities but as parts of 

                                     A                               B                                         C

an organic whole that included the land, the community and the society.

         D

5. The final technical report into the accident caused by the drink-driver reinforces the findings

A   B                                        C

of initiative investigations.

           D

Part 4. (1.0 point): Use the word given in capitals in brackets to form a new word that fits the gap. Write your answers in the spaces provided. 

1. Travellers may be (INQUIRE) _____________  about the world, but they also travel to make discoveries about themselves.
2. A(n) (FACE) _____________    approach to sustainable construction is required for use by policy – makers, practitioners and civil society.
3. Both Hathor and her potential victims became (EXCEED) _____________ drunk and merry, so she failed at her task.
4. Looking at the number of typos in this article, I am sure you have skipped the (READ) ____________stage again. 
5. The new regulations will be (BURDEN) ____________ for small businesses. 
6.  Some rituals that were important in the agrarian society of the past are now deemed (WORN)_____________ and discarded. 
7. That the star had already been married is just a(n) (SUBSTANCE) _____________ rumour of bloggers and shouldn’t be trusted. 
8. Meeting her criminal father after ten years, the girl shows overtly (CONTEMPT) _____________ disregard for him. 
9. (POWER)_____________ is a form of sustainable energy production, achieved by converting the kinetic energy of water into electrical or mechanical energy. 
10. Normally, Anna has already been pretty enough, but her appearance after putting on make-up last night really (WITCH) _____________ me. 

III. READING (6.0 points) 

Part 1. (0.9 point): Read the text and fill in each gap with ONE suitable word. Write your answers in the spaces provided. 

Kilimanjaro Diary

It’s Day 6 of my Kilimanjaro expedition, which is fast drawing to a (1) ________. What I reflect on most is not my own achievement in summiting though. Indeed, the more I think about it, the less impressed I become with this so-called feat. Yes, climbing Mount Kilimanjaro is a physical and mental challenge, but is it all (2) ________exceptional?

Let me explain what I’m getting at. For the last six days, I have carried a daypack on steep-ish terrain for maybe eight solid hours each outing. Technically (3) ________, however, the route is no more testing than your average Scottish munro, save for the altitude factor. Moreover, I have been pandered to the whole time. Without fail, I have been woken every morning by my guides; cooks have prepared surprisingly delicious meals for me each day; porters have carried the main weight of my kit up and down the mountain on my (4) ________; and those same individuals have pitched my tent and taken it down again at each camp my expedition team has visited. 

So that leaves me to draw the following conclusion: while I am pleased I was able to summit Kili, the more impressive feat was carried out quietly by the team of guides and porters around me, without whom I would never have succeeded. The porters in (5) ________are worthy of commendation for they carry not only 20-plus-kilogram packs up the mountain every day, working tirelessly from (6) ________to dusk, but they also stay in good spirits the entire time. It is beyond me how they do so and I am truly in awe of them.

Part 2. (1.2 points): Read the following passage and circle the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the word that best fits each gap. 

Interpreting the feelings of other people is not always easy, as we all know, and we rely as much on what they seem to be telling us, as on the actual words they say. Facial expression and tone of voice are obvious ways of showing our (1) ______ to something, and it may well be that we unconsciously express views that we are trying to hide. The art of being (2) ______ lies in picking up these signals, realizing what the other person is trying to say, and acting so that they are not embarrassed in any way. For example, we may understand that they are in fact (3) ______ to answer our question, and so we stop pressing them. Body movements in general may also indicate feelings, and interviewers often pay particular attention to the way a candidate for a job walks into the room and sits down. However it is not difficult to present the right kind of appearance, while what many employers want to know relates to the candidate’s character traits, and (4) ______ stability. This raises the awkward question of whether job candidates should be asked to complete psychological tests, and the further problem of whether such tests actually produce (5) ______ results. For many people, being asked to take part in such a test would be an objectionable (6) ______ into their private lives. After all, a prospective employer would hardly ask a candidate to run a hundred meters, or expect his or her family doctor to provide (7) ______ medical information. Quite apart from this problem, can such tests predict whether a person is likely to be a (8) ______ employee or a values colleague?

1. A. notion B. feeling C. view D. reaction
2. A. successful B. humble C. good at D. tactful
3. A. hesitant B. reluctant C. tending D. used
4. A. psychological B. physical C. similar D. relevant
5. A. reliable B. predictable C. faithful D. regular
6. A. invasion B. infringement C. intrusion D. interference
7. A. confidential B. secretive C. reticent D. classified
8. A. laborious B. particular C. thorough         D. conscientious

Part 3. (1.5 points): Read the following passage and circle the best answer A, B, C or D to the questions according to the text. 

The Creators of Grammar

No student of a foreign language needs to be told that grammar is complex. By changing word sequences and by adding a range of auxiliary verbs and suffixes, we are able to communicate tiny variations in meaning. We can turn a statement into a question, state whether an action has taken place or is soon to take place, and perform many other word tricks to convey subtle differences in meaning. Nor is this complexity inherent to the English language. All languages, even those of so-called ‘primitive’ tribes have clever grammatical components. The Cherokee pronoun system, for example, can distinguish between ‘you and I’, ‘several other people and I’ and ‘you, another person and I’. In English, all these meanings are summed up in the one, crude pronoun ‘we’. Grammar is universal and plays a part in every language, no matter how widespread it is. So the question which has baffled many linguists is – who created grammar?

At first, it would appear that this question is impossible to answer. To find out how grammar is created, someone needs to be present at the time of a language’s creation, documenting its emergence. Many historical linguists are able to trace modern complex languages back to earlier languages, but in order to answer the question of how complex languages are actually formed, the researcher needs to observe how languages are started from scratch. Amazingly, however, this is possible.

Some of the most recent languages evolved due to the Atlantic slave trade. At that time, slaves from a number of different ethnicities were forced to work together under colonizer’s rule. Since they had no opportunity to learn each other’s languages, they developed a make-shift language called a pidgin. Pidgins are strings of words copied from the language of the landowner. They have little in the way of grammar, and in many cases it is difficult for a listener to deduce when an event happened, and who did what to whom. [A] Speakers need to use circumlocution in order to make their meaning understood. [B] Interestingly, however, all it takes for a pidgin to become a complex language is for a group of children to be exposed to it at the time when they learn their mother tongue. [C] Slave children did not simply copy the strings of words uttered by their elders, they adapted their words to create a new, expressive language. [D] Complex grammar systems which emerge from pidgins are termed creoles, and they are invented by children.

Further evidence of this can be seen in studying sign languages for the deaf. Sign languages are not simply a series of gestures; they utilise the same grammatical machinery that is found in spoken languages. Moreover, there are many different languages used worldwide. The creation of one such language was documented quite recently in Nicaragua. Previously, all deaf people were isolated from each other, but in 1979 a new government introduced schools for the deaf. Although children were taught speech and lip reading in the classroom, in the playgrounds they began to invent their own sign system, using the gestures that they used at home. It was basically a pidgin. Each child used the signs differently, and there was no consistent grammar. However, children who joined the school later, when this inventive sign system was already around, developed a quite different sign language. Although it was based on the signs of the older children, the younger children’s language was more fluid and compact, and it utilised a large range of grammatical devices to clarify meaning. What is more, all the children used the signs in the same way. A new creole was born.

Some linguists believe that many of the world’s most established languages were creoles at first. The English past tense –ed ending may have evolved from the verb ‘do’. ‘It ended’ may once have been ‘It end-did’. Therefore it would appear that even the most widespread languages were partly created by children. Children appear to have innate grammatical machinery in their brains, which springs to life when they are first trying to make sense of the world around them. Their minds can serve to create logical, complex structures, even when there is no grammar present for them to copy.

1. In paragraph 1, why does the writer include information about the Cherokee language?

   1. To show how simple, traditional cultures can have complicated grammar structures
   2. To show how English grammar differs from Cherokee grammar
   3. To prove that complex grammar structures were invented by the Cherokees.
   4. To demonstrate how difficult it is to learn the Cherokee language
2. What can be inferred about the slaves’ pidgin language? 
   1. A. It contained complex grammar.

1. It was based on many different languages.
2. It was difficult to understand, even among slaves.
3. It was created by the land-owners.

1. All the following sentences about Nicaraguan sign language are true EXCEPT: 

1979. The language has been created since 1979.

1980. The language is based on speech and lip reading.

1981. The language incorporates signs which children used at home.

1982. The language was perfected by younger children.

1. In paragraph 3, where can the following sentence be placed?

“It included standardised word orders and grammatical markers that existed in neither the pidgin language, nor the language of the colonizers. “

1. [A] B. [B] C. [C] D. [D]

• ‘From scratch‘ in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ______.

1. 1. from the very beginning B. in simple cultures

1. by copying something else D. by using written information

1. ‘Make-shift’ in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ______.

   1. complicated and expressive B. simple and temporary

1. extensive and diverse D. private and personal

1. Which sentence is closest in meaning to the highlighted sentence?

“Grammar is universal and plays a part in every language, no matter how widespread it is”.

1. All languages, whether they are spoken by a few people or a lot of people, contain grammar.
2. Some languages include a lot of grammar, whereas other languages contain a little.
3. Languages which contain a lot of grammar are more common that languages that contain a little.
4. The grammar of all languages is the same, no matter where the languages evolved.

1. All of the following are features of the new Nicaraguan sign language EXCEPT: 

  A. All children used the same gestures to show meaning.

1. The meaning was clearer than the previous sign language.
2. The hand movements were smoother and smaller.
3. New gestures were created for everyday objects and activities.

1. Which idea is presented in the final paragraph? 

1. English was probably once a creole.
2. The English past tense system is inaccurate.
3. Linguists have proven that English was created by children.
4. Children say English past tenses differently from adults.

1. Look at the word ‘consistent’ in paragraph 4. This word could best be replaced by which of the following?

1. natural B. predictable C. imaginable D. uniform

Part 4. (1.2 points): You are going to read an article about the bowerbird. For questions 1-8, choose the best answer from the sections (A-E). Some of the choices may be required more than once. Write your answers in the spaces provided next to the questions.

THE UNUSUAL BEHAVIOUR OF THE BOWERBIRD

1. Attracting a mate is one of the fundamental undertakings of life in the animal kingdom, and many creatures go to extreme lengths or exhibit unusual techniques for this very purpose. Take, for example, the common mouse that attracts females by its unique high-pitched songs, or the female flamingo that adds colour to its feathers in order to appeal to the male of the species. Indeed, there is certainly no shortage of weird and wonderful courting rituals in the animal world, but very few of these are more unusual and impressive than those of some species of the bowerbird, who can master DaVinci-like feats of design and knowledge in order to win over its female equivalent. Commonly found in Papua New Guinea and Australia, there are around ninety different species of this bird, and their range is impressive in both size and colour. As such they exhibit a range of efforts and behaviours in order to succeed in finding a mate.

1. Naturally, many types of bowerbird behave in ways common to other species of birds by using physical signs and movements in order to attract others. One such example of this is how, when a female arrives, the male’s pupils enlarge and he emits a distinctive call from his throat as a way of indicating his interest in the female. The male, if lucky enough that the female hasn’t already departed unimpressed by his intentions, then begins a series of unusual jerking movements with its wings to keep her attention, a display that has been likened to kinds of traditional human dancing such as the Paso Doble. This display can, with some bowerbirds, culminate in perhaps one of the stranger mating techniques in which the male sometimes begins to headbutt the female’s chest, certainly not the kind of behaviour you’d expect from an everyday courtship! This is not just an intricate show, but also a well-rehearsed one in which the male frequently changes and adjusts their signs and movements depending on his success rate in attracting a female.

1. As if this wasn’t enough, some types of bowerbirds really go the extra mile to find their other halves, engaging in elaborate construction work that takes a considerable amount of forward planning and hard work. Many male bowerbirds erect intricately decorated nests, known as bowers, in a variety of elaborate ways, even stealing from other males’ bowers in order to have the most impressive home and be chosen as a mate. These often extremely complex bowers can be built in a tent shape, with the males placing sticks around a small tree, or what could best be described as an igloo shape, with a passageway entrance into a central space full of ornaments. Whatever the type of bower, they all comprise a form of visual enhancement little seen in the animal world and more akin to our own forms of home decoration, albeit in a simpler form.

1. Think, if you will, of a market stall trader who has all his wares on display in an enticing fashion, showing off individual items to potential buyers in the hope of a purchase. The bowerbird’s behaviour is reminiscent of this, with their bowers including hundreds of tiny, often colourful objects both natural and manmade, such as flowers, berries, coins and glass. Each of these small pieces is exactingly arranged so as to appeal to females. While the bower’s inside is intricately decorated, the male also shows larger objects to the female to catch their attention. And this might occur more than once, as the females go back and forth watching the males’ displays and visiting different bowers until they choose the bower that has caught their eye sufficiently to select the male owner as their mate. Females commonly stop at a variety of bowers in order to select their preferred candidate, and some males may be chosen by multiple mates, while others are passed by altogether.

1. Recent investigations into bowerbirds and their bowers have identified that the birds create a pattern of decoration so detailed and clever that they make their bowers appear much bigger than what they actually are when viewed by the female. In fact, the male bowerbird tends to go back and forth into their bowers so they can ensure they’ve achieved the desired effect, and which they are meticulous about. Recent research shows that if a male’s bower is altered in any way, they will painstakingly restore it to their original design. In addition to this, incredibly, their chances of mating are found to be directly related to the regularity of the patterns they create within the bowers. The complexity of this mating behaviour, from both the male and female perspectives, indicates that the bowerbird is a behaviourally complex family of birds, possibly more so than any other bird alive today, and almost certainly the next best home architects after humans.

Part 5. (1.2 points): Read the passage and do the tasks that follow. 

HOW DOES THE BIOLOGICAL CLOCK TICK? 

• Our life span is restricted. Everyone accepts this as ‘biologically’ obvious. ‘Nothing lives forever!’ However, in this statement, we think of artificially produced, technical objects, products which are subjected to natural wear and tear during use. This leads to the result that at some time or other the object stops working and is unusable (‘death’ in the biological sense). But are the wear and tear and loss of function of technical objects and the death of living organisms really similar or comparable? 

• Our ‘dead’ products are ‘static’, closed systems. It is always the basic material which constitutes the object and which, in the natural course of things, is worn down and becomes ‘older’. Ageing in this case, must occur according to the laws of physical chemistry and of thermodynamics. Although the same law holds for a living organism, the result of this law is not inexorable in the same way. At least as long as a biological system has the ability to renew itself it could actually become older without ageing; an organism is an open, dynamic system through which new material continuously flows. 

Destruction of old material and formation of new material are thus in permanent dynamic equilibrium. The material of which the organism is formed changes continuously. Thus our bodies continuously exchange old substance for new, just like a spring which more or less maintains its form and movement, but in which the water molecules are always different. 

• Thus, ageing and death should not be seen as inevitable, particularly as the organism possesses many mechanisms for repair. It is not, in principle, necessary for a biological system to age and die. Nevertheless, a restricted life span, ageing, and then death are basic characteristics of life. The reason for this is easy to recognise: in nature, the existent organisms either adapt or are regularly replaced by new types. Because of changes in the genetic material (mutations), these have new characteristics and in the course of their individual lives, they are tested for optimal or better adaptation to the environmental conditions. Immortality would disturb this system — it needs room for new and better life. This is the basic problem of evolution. 

• Every organism has a life span which is highly characteristic. There are striking differences in life span between different species, but within one species the parameter is relatively constant. For example, the average duration of human life has hardly changed in thousands of years. Although more and more people attain an advanced age as a result of developments in medical care and better nutrition, the characteristic upper limit for most remains 80 years. A further argument against the simple wear and tear theory is the observation that the time within which organisms age lies between a few days (even a few hours for unicellular organisms) and several thousand years, as with mammoth trees. 

• If a life span is a genetically determined biological characteristic, it is logically necessary to propose the existence of an internal clock, which in some way measures and controls the ageing process and which finally determines death as the last step in a fixed programme. Like the life span, the metabolic rate has for different organisms a fixed mathematical relationship to the body mass. In comparison to the life span this relationship is ‘inverted’: the larger the organism the lower its metabolic rate. Again this relationship is valid not only for birds, but also, similarly on average within the systematic unit, for all other organisms (plants, animals, unicellular organisms). 

• Animals which behave ‘frugally’ with energy become particularly old, for example, crocodiles and tortoises. Parrots and birds of prey are often held chained up. Thus they are not able to ‘experience life’ and so they attain a high life pan in captivity. Animals which save energy by hibernation or lethargy (e.g. bats or hedgehogs) live much longer than those which are always active. The metabolic rate of mice can be reduced by a very low consumption of food (hunger diet). They then may live twice as long as their well-fed comrades. Women become distinctly (about 10 per cent) older than men. If you examine the metabolic rates of the two sexes you establish that the higher male metabolic rate roughly accounts for the lower male life span. That means that they live life ‘energetically’ — more intensively, but not for as long. 

• It follows from the above that sparing use of energy reserves should tend to extend life. Extreme high performance sports may lead to optimal cardiovascular performance, but they quite certainly do not prolong life. Relaxation lowers metabolic rate, as does adequate sleep and in general an equable and balanced personality. Each of us can develop his or her own ‘energy saving programme’ with a little self-observation, critical self-control and, above all, logical consistency. Experience will show that to live in this way not only increases the lifespan but is also very healthy. This final aspect should not be forgotten. 

Questions 1-5. There are seven paragraphs marked A-G in the passage and 10 headings (i-x). Choose the correct heading for each paragraph (B-F). Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided. The first has been done as an example. 

Your answers: 

1. Paragraph B _______ 
2. Paragraph C _______ 
3. Paragraph D _______ 
4. Paragraph E _______ 
5. Paragraph F _______ 

For questions 6-8: Complete the notes below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the text for each answer. Write your answers in the spaces provided.

• Objects age in accordance with principles of (6) ______________________ and of (7) _______________________________. 
• Through mutations, organisms can adapt better to the environment. 
• (8) ______________________ would pose a serious problem for the theory of evolution. 

6. WRITING (6.0 points)

Part 1. (1.0 point): Read the following text and use your own words to summarize it in a paragraph of about 90 words. You MUST NOT copy or re-write the original. 

In modern times, even though the vast majority of the global population does not adhere to a vegetarian diet, there is a notable surge in the popularity of vegetarianism. Those who opt for this lifestyle typically possess strong convictions and various motivations for their choice. Many critics argue that a vegetarian diet lacks sufficient vitamins and proteins essential for maintaining health. However, experts in the healthcare and nutrition fields assert that a thoughtfully planned vegetarian diet can adequately fulfill the nutritional requirements for people at all life stages. Essential nutrients and proteins are abundantly available in vegetables, nuts, grains, and dairy products. While consuming meat is a convenient way to obtain protein, it certainly isn’t the only method available. Moreover, advocates for vegetarianism highlight the significant environmental impact of the meat industry, which contributes to numerous ecological issues that could potentially be alleviated if individuals reduced their meat consumption or eliminated it altogether. The livestock sector heavily strains the Earth’s natural resources; for instance, large areas of forests are often cleared to make way for agricultural land needed to grow feed for livestock or create grazing pastures. This land-use change is associated with detrimental effects such as increased global warming, soil degradation, and a decrease in biodiversity. Additionally, many individuals choose to abstain from eating meat due to ethical concerns. They believe that taking the life of another sentient being for human consumption is morally wrong. Furthermore, they point out that animals raised for food endure significant suffering, as poultry and livestock are frequently kept in deplorable conditions, confined in spaces that barely allow movement, treated with antibiotics, and ultimately subjected to cruel slaughter practices. These ethical considerations reinforce the argument for adopting a vegetarian lifestyle and emphasize the need for more humane treatment of animals in food production.

Part 2. (2.0 points): The table below gives information about salaries of secondary/high school teachers in five countries in 2009. Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. You should write at least 150 words.

Part 3. (3.0 points): Write an essay of about 250 words on the following topic. 

In recent years, there has been a growing trend of high school girls wearing make-up to school. Some people think that this is a positive trend. Others argue that this has negative consequences.

Discuss both views and give your opinion.

———————–THE END——————————-